I-Physics isiyalo sesayensi esiyingxenye yesayensi ebizwa ngokuthi yemvelo noma "emsulwa", enezandulela ezisukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kanye ne-chemistry kanye ne-biology, kuyishintshe kakhulu indlela thina bantu esiqonda ngayo futhi sicubungule umhlaba osizungezile. Kukhona ezahlukene amagatsha e-physics ezingafundwa kanye nale sayensi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana namagatsha ahlukene e-physics, izici zawo kanye nalokho akufundayo.
I-Physics kanye ne-chemistry
I-Chemistry ifunda ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo, i-biology kanye ne-physics inikezelwe ocwaningweni nasekuchazeni isayensi amandla ayisisekelo abusa indawo yonke. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwala mandla kanye namaphuzu okuxhumana alolo cwaningo nezinye izindawo zesayensi nezokuqondisa izigwegwe, i-physics ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amaningi noma imikhakha, ngayinye inegama layo kanye nezinjongo zayo.
Nokho, njengoba i-physics ingenye yesayensi endala kakhulu, futhi njengoba ezinye iziyalo ezikhona namuhla bezingekho ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuvamile ukuhlukanisa izikhathi ezintathu ezinkulu, noma imibono emithathu emikhulu, equkethwe isifundo se-physics.
Izigaba ze-physics
- i-classical physics. Isizinda saso sivela emandulo yakudala, ikakhulukazi iGreece yasendulo, futhi igxile ezintweni ezikhona endaweni yonke lapho ijubane lingaphansi kwejubane lokukhanya kanye nesilinganiso sendawo sikhulu kunama-athomu nama-molecule. Izimiso zayo zisekelwe kumakhenikha asendulo noma kumakhenikha aseNewton, njengoba u-Isaac Newton (1642-1727) wayengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu.
- I-physics yesimanje. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-1858 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1947, futhi ngenxa yocwaningo luka-Max Planck (1879-1955) no-Albert Einstein (XNUMX-XNUMX), imiqondo ehlukene ye-physics yakudala yashintshwa kakhulu: ukuhlobana okukhethekile . kanye nokuhlobana okujwayelekile.
- I-physics yesikhashana. Amathrendi amasha kakhulu, amaphuzu awo okuqala atholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, anikezelwe encazelweni yokusebenza yezinhlelo ezingezona umugqa, izinqubo ezingaphandle kokulingana kwe-thermodynamic futhi, imvamisa, i-avant-garde kakhulu futhi. izitayela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizungeze endaweni yonke engabonakali.
Izinhlobonhlobo zamagatsha e-physics
Phakathi nalezi zikhathi ezintathu, i-physics ibilokhu iqongelela izinkambu zokufunda, ngayinye yazo eqala noma ehlanganisa enye yalezo ezibizwa ngamagatsha e-physics:
- mechanics classical. Igxila emcabangweni wokuhamba ngesivinini esingaphansi kwejubane lokukhanya kanye nokuziphatha kwe-macroscopic yezinto, futhi ibonakala ngokuphatha isikhathi njengomqondo ongaguquki kanye nendawo yonke njengento echaziwe. Ngokuvamile, yakhiwe ama-vector mechanics, imiphumela yocwaningo luka-Isaac Newton nemithetho yakhe yokunyakaza, kanye nemishini yokuhlaziya yemvelo engabonakali neyezibalo, umqali wayo othathwa njengoGottfried Leibniz (1646-1716).
- I-Thermodynamics. Kunikezelwe ocwaningweni lwebhalansi yamandla wezinhlelo ze-macroscopic, izinqubo zabo zokushisa nokudlulisa amandla, uhlobo lwamandla kanye nendlela asetshenziswa ngayo ukwenza umsebenzi.
- I-Electromagnetism. Kuyigatsha le-physics elifunda ugesi kanye ne-magnetism futhi likwenza ngendlela ebumbene, okungukuthi, ngethiyori efanayo neyingqayizivele. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi waba nesithakazelo ezenzakalweni zamandla kagesi namagnetic kanye nokubhalelana kwawo nokuxhumana, ecabangela ukukhanya. Umsuka wayo ubuyela emuva ezifundweni zikaMichel Faraday (1791-1867) kanye noJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
- Ama-Acoustic. Leli yigama le-physics yomsindo, elinikezelwe ekutadisheni izakhiwo kanye nokusakazwa kwamagagasi omsindo, ukuziphatha kwawo emithonjeni ehlukene kanye nokwenzeka kokukhohlisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyisisekelo emhlabeni wezinsimbi zomculo, kodwa kuya phambili ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
- I-Optics. Kuyi-physics yokukhanya, ezinikele ekuqondeni ubunjalo obuyinkimbinkimbi be-spectrum kagesi obubonakalayo (futhi obungabonakali) kanye nezindlela okusebenzelana ngazo nodaba: imidiya ehlukene, izinto ezikhanyayo, namaprism. Lesi simiso sokuziphatha savela ezikhathini zasendulo kodwa siye sashintshwa ezikhathini zanamuhla, sivumela ukwakhiwa kwamathuluzi abantu ababengakaze bawasole ngaphambili, njengezibona-khulu, amakhamera kanye nezimboni zokulungisa (ezokwelapha).
- Imishini yamanzi. Igxile ocwaningweni lokuhamba kwamanzi kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo nendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ifunda kakhulu uketshezi namagesi, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinto ezingageleza, okungukuthi, zibe i-continua.
- I-Quantum Mechanics. Inikezelwe ekutadisheni imvelo ngezikali ezincane kakhulu zendawo, njengama-athomu nezinhlayiya ze-subatomic. Ihlaziya amandla kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo futhi iwumphumela wokuthuthuka kwezesayensi yemvelo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX eyaqala kusukela ekucabangeni kwemishini yakudala futhi yavula insimu entsha yocwaningo: umhlaba we-subatomic kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo okungenzeka.
- Ithiyori yesiphithiphithi. Igxile ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo zomzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi neziguqukayo, kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zokuhlukanisa zika-Newton kanye neminikelo yezazi zefiziksi ezifana ne-Lenz (1917-2008), njll.
amanye amagatsha
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuxhumana nezinye isayensi neziyalo, kuye kwazalwa amanye amagatsha e-physics:
- I-Geophysics. Kungumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwe-physics kanye ne-geology, okunikezelwe ekutadisheni izingqimba zangaphakathi zeplanethi yethu: ukwakheka kwayo, amandla kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kucatshangelwa imithetho eyisisekelo eyaziwayo yendaba: amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe, imisebe, njll. .
- I-Astrophysics. Imayelana ne-stellar physics, okungukuthi, i-physics esetshenziswa esifundweni sezinto ezibonakalayo noma ezibonakalayo ezisemkhathini, njengezinkanyezi, i-nebulae noma izimbobo ezimnyama. Lokhu kuziphatha kuhambisana nesayensi yezinkanyezi futhi kunikeza ingcebo yolwazi mayelana nendlela umkhathi ongaphandle kwamaplanethi asebenza ngayo nokuthi yiziphi iziphetho ezingafinyelelwa kulokho okubonayo.
- I-Physical chemistry. Kuyimpambano yesayensi yamandla (physics) kanye nesayensi yendaba (chemistry). Kubandakanya ukucwaninga kwendaba kusetshenziswa imiqondo ebonakalayo.
- I-Biophysics. Kunikezelwe ekutadisheni izinto eziphilayo ngokombono we-physics, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuguquguquka kwamangqamuzana, okungukuthi, ukushintshana nokusebenzelana kwezinhlayiya ze-subatomic namandla phakathi nangaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana namagatsha e-physics nezici zawo.