Ngokuya ngemvelaphi nokwakheka, kwiplanethi yethu kunehlukile izinhlobo zamadwala. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho amadwala sedimentary. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokwakheka komhlaba ezaziwayo, kunezinhlobo zamatshe ezakha u-75% wobuso bomhlaba. Yize leli phesenti libonakala liphakeme impela, liyingxenye encane kakhulu futhi siwaqhathanisa namatshe angenalutho enza ingxenye enkulu yoqweqwe lomhlaba. Yonke ingubo yomhlaba nayo yakhiwe ngamatshe angenalutho.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, imvelaphi nokwakheka kwamatshe ase-sedimentary.
Izici eziyinhloko
Babizwa kanjena kulawo madwala akhiwa ngenxa yokuqongelelwa kwezinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene ezinosayizi ohlukile futhi ezivela kwabanye ezinokwakheka kwamatshe. Zonke izinhlayiya ezakha idwala zibizwa ngokuthi izidalwa. Yilapho igama layo livela khona. Lezi zinsalela zihanjiswa ngama-geological agents angaphandle njengamanzi, iqhwa nomoya. Iziduli ezakha amadwala asezintabeni zihanjiswa yizinto ezehlukene zokwakheka komhlaba ukuze zibekwe kulokho okwaziwa njengamabhishi asezintabeni.
Ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwenhlabathi, izinhlayiya zamatshe ziyabhekelelwa izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezaziwa ngegama le-diagenesis. Ngaleli gama sisho inqubo yokwakhiwa kwamatshe. Into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuthi amadwala asezintabeni akhiwa osebeni lwemifula, phansi kwezilwandle, amachibi, imilomo yemifula nemifudlana noma imihosha. Njengoba ungalindela, ukwakheka kwamadwala entaba kwenzeka ngaphezu kwezigidigidi zeminyaka. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ukwazi ukuhlaziya imvelaphi nokwakheka kwamadwala ase-sedimentary, isikali se- isikhathi sokuma komhlaba.
Ukwakhiwa kwamadwala ase-sedimentary
Ukuze uhlaziye ukwakheka kwalolu hlobo lwamatshe, kuyadingeka ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenqubo yokwakheka komhlaba. Enye yezinqubo ezithinta kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamatshe umoya. Izinqubo ze-Geological esigabeni sabo sokuqala zibhekene nesimo sezulu nokuqothula amadwala asevele ekhona. Isimo sezulu asilutho ngaphandle kwenqubo equkethe amadwala okuqala agqekeza ezinye izingcezu ezincane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguguleka komhlaba kumane nje kuwukugqokwa kwamatshe nokuqhekeka kwawo okulandelayo kube izinhlayiya ezincane. Izinhlayiya ukuthi ziyakhukhuleka futhi zidiliziwe zaziwa ngegama lama-clast noma imfucumfucu. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi namanzi ngabantu engibalandelayo abazibonakalisa ngemvula efana nomoya.
Zonke izingcezu zamatshe ezincane ezikhiqizwa yisimo sezulu noma ukuguguleka komhlaba zihanjiswa ngabasebenza ngaphandle. Uma sezithuthwe ngomzila obalulekile, zonke izinhlayiya zifakwa emigqonyeni eyakhiwe ngenhlabathi. Kuwo wonke la ma-akhawunti, zonke izinhlayiya zesisekelo zihlangana kancane kancane. Umzila osuka kuma-clast uya kubheseni uncike kubukhulu bawo. Ngamanye amagama, lezo zinsalela ezincane zizoba nebanga elide kakhulu elihanjiwe kuze kube yilapho zifakwa unomphela emachibini asezintabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo lokuhudula nokuthutha olukhona ngokuya ngosayizi weziduli nalo kumele lubhekwe.
Lapho sebezinze emabhesheni asezintabeni, baqala inqubo eyaziwa njenge-sedimentation. Futhi ukuthi le nqubo izophatha imvelo kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Izinto eziningi eziphilayo, zombili izilwane nezitshalo, zinganikela ekwakhekeni kwamatshe entlenga. Kulokhu, sikhuluma ngobukhona bezinsalela. Amanye amadwala we-sedimentary akhiwa kusukela ekucindezelweni okwenziwe yizinsalela komunye nomunye. Le ngcindezi, engaphezu kwezigidigidi zeminyaka, ibangela inqubo yokumiswa kogcino ukuthi igcine isakha amadwala enziwe ngenhlabathi.
Imvelo ye-sedimentary yohlobo lwezwekazi
Sizobona ukuthi iziphi izindawo ezihlukene zamadwala ezikhona endaweni yezwekazi futhi ezenza ukwakheka kwamadwala asezintabeni. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwala matshe sixhumene nemvelo lapho akhiqizwa khona. Ukudilika kwamadwala kanye nemfucumfucu kuncike endaweni lapho zitholakala khona kanye nasezimfanelweni zazo zamakhemikhali. Ukwahlukaniswa okubanzi ngoba kunezindawo eziningi ezakhiwe ngenhlabathi, ezwekazini nezasolwandle.
Ake sibheke ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezahlukahlukene zamazwekazi ezwekazi:
- Inguzunga yeqhwa: Kuyindawo lapho ukuhluma kwentaba kwenzeka kusuka kumadiphozi ashiywe izinguzunga zeqhwa. Lapha, imfucumfucu ivela esimweni sezulu esimweni samadwala ngenxa yokushintsha kwamazinga okushisa kanye nenqubo yokuqandisa nokuncibilikisa. Ama-clast akhombisa izici ze-angular futhi ngobukhona obuncane bezinto eziphilayo. Ama-sediment ngokuvamile abonakala engabonakali.
- Izingwadule: Lezi zindawo ezakhiwe ngenhlabathi zidala iziqubu ezakhiwa yisimo sezulu esisebenza ngomshini ukukhetha izinhlayiya nokwakheka okufana nezindunduma ezivela esihlabathini ezicishe zibe ngu-4 mm ubukhulu.
Amatshe we-sedimentary of sedentalary environment
Sizobona ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezikhona ezwenikazi ezingahlukaniswa ngokwezinga le-stratification amadwala akhiwe lapha akhona:
- Umlandeli we-Fluvial: yimisinga nezifufula ezigeleza lapho kuba nezinguquko ezingazelelwe zemithambeka. Imvamisa zitholakala phansi kwezintaba kanye nemfucumfucu yokuqala emise okwe fan.
- Umfula: imifula ithwala wonke amafulethi aqhamuka esimweni sezulu sezulu. Lapha, ngesenzo samanje samanzi, ubumba lukhiqiza amadwala we-sedimentary:
- I-Lacustrine namaxhaphozi: kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamachibi namaxhaphozi. Lapha imfucumfucu iyanqwabelana futhi yakhiwe ngezinto eziningi eziphilayo.
- I-Albufera: yindawo lapho kufakwa khona izihlabathi nezinhle ezifika ngemigudu yolwandle.
- Ama-Deltaics: yilezo ezikhiqizwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwezimo eziguqukayo nezinezixhaphozi. Idwala lenziwa ngama-clast aminyene nacolekileyo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo zamatshe amadwala akhona ngokuya ngemvelaphi yawo.