Emhlabeni wethu kunezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo nokwakheka okungasimangaza kancane. Enye yazo ama-stromatolites. Yizakhiwo ezinamadwala alaminetiwe noma ahlukaniswe ngokwakhiwa okwakhiwa amasele kanye / noma amaminerali afakwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuba khona kwemiphakathi ye-algae eluhlaza naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lawa ma-stromatolites atholakala emanzini ahlanzekile nasawoti nakuma-evaporite deposits.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izici, zitholakala kuphi nokuthi kubaluleke ngani ama-stromatolites.
Yini ama-stromatolites
Ama-stromatolites ayizakhiwo ukwakheka kwamadwala ahlukanisiwe noma ahlukanisiwe akhiwe ngenhlabathi kanye / noma amaminerali afakwe yimiphakathi ye-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi zingatholakala emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile noma anosawoti kanye nezidumbu ezihwamukayo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni. I-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eyaziwa kangcono namuhla njenge-cyanobacteria, imele iqembu lama-prokaryote asemanzini - angaphansi kombuso wamagciwane - angathola amandla elangeni, okungukuthi, angafeza i-photosynthesis.
I-cyanobacteria ingelinye lamaqembu abaluleke kakhulu futhi agcwele izinto eziphilayo ze-prokaryotic, njenganoma yiluphi uhlobo lwebhaktheriya, ayizinto ezincane kakhulu, ezineseli elilodwa, yize zivame ukukhula zibe amakoloni amakhulu ngokwanele ukuthi angabonakala ngamehlo. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane ze-photosynthetic zingaba yizinto zokuqala eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngoba izinsalela ezindala kakhulu ezitholakele zaziqala emuva ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu futhi ama-cyanobacteria atholakala kuma-stromatolites.
AmaStromatolites ayizakhiwo ezakhiwe yimisebenzi yemetabolic yemiphakathi yamagciwane, ephethwe yi-cyanobacteria, enganciphisa futhi ifake inani elikhulu leziduli namaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-limestone. Lezi zakhiwo zamadwala zithathwa njengezinto ezindala kunazo zonke emhlabeni wethu, kanti iShark Bay eseNtshonalanga Australia iyikhaya lezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu.
Ukubaluleka kwama-stromatolites kulele ekwakhiweni kwawo kwamagciwane, ngoba i-cyanobacteria equkethe akhiqiza inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo elidingeka ezilwaneni nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izici eziyinhloko ama-stromatolites anazo angavelela kuzo:
- Ziyizakhiwo ezinamadwala ezakhiwe ngama-microorganisms, ikakhulukazi i-cyanobacteria, ibizwa nangokuthi izakhiwo ze-organic sedimentary ngoba zitholakala emisebenzini ye-metabolic yama-microorganisms aziqamba.
- Bangabonisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo, njenge-algae eneseli elilodwa, isikhunta, izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans, njll., Kuye ngokuthi zitholakala kuphi.
- Ukwakheka kwawo okunamadwala kwakhiwa ngenhlanganisela yelimestone ne-dolomite (bacebile nge-calcium carbonate).
- Zakha ngokuya kwelanga njengezitshalo, ngakho-ke "zikhula" zibheka futhi zihlelwe ngamashidi noma izingqimba, ungqimba ngalunye.
- Isendlalelo sangaphandle sincane kunazo zonke futhi eside kunazo zonke yisisekelo.
- Zikhula noma zihlala kancane, ngakho-ke cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi zinesakhiwo esinamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka ubudala.
- Bahlala emanzini angajulile noma angajulile, bakhula emhlabathini, futhi bazwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ekushintsheni kolwandle nasekungcoleni.
- Zingafinyelela ukuphakama okungaba ngamasentimitha angama-50 ukusuka emhlabathini, futhi zingunxande, zimise okwakholomu, zimise okwedome, ziyindilinga, zinamaqhuqhuva, noma zingajwayelekile ngokuphelele.
- Kukhona izinsalela ezindala kakhulu eziphelele.
Ukubaluleka kwama-stromatolites
Ama-stromatolites ngokuvamile atholakala endaweni yasemanzini yolwandle noma emanzini amasha, futhi imvamisa akha emanzini angajulile. Ithiphu yasentshonalanga ye-Australia ingenye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu lapho ama-stromatolites "anamuhla" ekhona emachibini anosawoti aphezulu.
AmaStromatolites abalulekile futhi aqhubeka abalulekile empilweni emhlabeni. Njengoba i-cyanobacteria ayiqukethe ingenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu ezirekhodiwe, imisebenzi yayo ye-photosynthetic kukholakala ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni komoya ocebile nge-oxygen lapho siphila khona njengamanje futhi ekugcineni kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sesishilo, lezi zakhiwo zisafaka umoya-mpilo omningi emkhathini wethu, ngakho-ke impilo yethu incike kuzo. Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sayo esilula, ama-stromatolites athathwa njengabaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni we-biology, geology, kanye ne-astronomy, ikakhulukazi ngoba imininingwane ingatholakala ocwaningweni lwabo. Isibonelo, ku-geology, ama-stromatolites ahlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile kuma-subdiscipline afana ne-stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleogeography, paleontology, ne-geophysics.
Kodwa-ke, ngokujwayelekile, ukubaluleka kwayo kulele misebenzi elandelayo:
- Chaza izimo zokhokho zezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nenani likasawoti kanye nokufakwa kwamakhemikhali ahlukile.
- Khomba izindawo lapho kwakukhona khona umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ngaphambilini.
- Nquma ubudala beminye imvelo.
- Dweba ugu lwangaphambilini.
- Nciphisa isikhathi sokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic (njenge-algae) nokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo.
- Qonda izinga lokuqoqwa kwezidaka ezindaweni ezithile.
- Funda ukuthi ama-microfossils abukeka kanjani.
Izindawo emhlabeni lapho singazithola khona
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kunezindawo eziningi emhlabeni lapho singathola khona ama-stromatolites. Kodwa-ke, sizogqamisa ezinye izindawo ezihleliwe lapho sazi ukuthi singathola khona:
- IPampa del Tamarugal National Reserve, eTarapacá, esifundazweni saseTamarugal, eChile.
- ICuatrociénegas Basin, ehlane elimhlophe laseCoahuila naseLake Alchichica, eMexico.
- I-Bacalar lagoon, eNhlonhlweni Yucatan, eningizimu yeMexico.
- ILaguna Salada, esifundeni seRio Grande do Norte, eBrazil.
- IChibi iSalda, eTurkey.
- I-Exuma Cays, Isifunda sase-Exuma, Iziqhingi zaseBahamas.
- IPavillion Lake, eBritish Columbia, eCanada.
- IBlue Lake, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Australia.
Ama-stromatolites akuzona isakhiwo esivamile kuyo yonke imvelo yasemanzini emhlabeni wethu, kepha ngokuvamile zisatshalaliswa endaweni elinganiselwe lapho izimo zivumela ukubekwa kwamaminerali aziqambayo.
EMexico, kuyaziwa kuphela izingosi ezi-4 ezichaza ama-stromatolites "asanda kwenziwa":
- ICuatrocienegas Basin: Itholakala eCuatrociénegas Valley Reserve eduzane noGwadule lwaseCoahuila esifundazweni saseCoahuila de Zaragoza engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe.
- IChibi i-Alchchica: Ichibi elinosawoti elinomthamo omkhulu we-magnesium esifundeni samahhala sasePuebla, eduze nenkaba yezwe.
- ILaguna de Bacalar, eyaziwa nangokuthi yiLaguna de los Siete Colores de Bacalar: Itholakala eNhlonhlweni Yucatan, ingeyesifundazwe saseQuintana Roo.
- IChichankanab Lagoon: futhi ingeyesifundazwe saseQuintana Roo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngama-stromatolites nezici zawo.