Ku-geology kunezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zokwakheka. Ngayinye inezici zayo ezihlukile kanye nomsuka wayo. Omunye wabo ama-sinkhole. Lokhu kuwukwakheka okuyingozi uma kusibambe singalindele. Futhi kungukuthi kuwuhlobo lokucindezeleka kwe-geological okwenzeka endaweni yemvelo futhi okungakheka phakathi nendawo ye-canyon noma kwenye indawo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nama-sinkholes, izici zabo kanye nokwakheka.
Ukwakhiwa kwama-sinkholes
Ama-sinkhole ayimithombo engaphansi komhlaba, eyakhiwe endaweni ebamba amanzi, kodwa ayikho indlela yokukhipha amanzi yangaphandle, ngakho amanzi aqala ukuguguleka yonke into edlulayo, kungaba indawo engaphansi komhlaba noma i-asphalt ngokwayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu: uhlobo lwasendle, uhlobo lwekhava kanye nohlobo lokugoqa. Kwenzeka ngokwemvelo lapho cishe kungekho lutho noma uhlaza phansi, ngakho amanzi aqala ukuncibilika phezulu futhi ekugcineni kwakheke umthombo. Isembozo senzeka lapho kunesihlabathi futhi lapho amanzi engena endaweni, amanzi ageleza phansi. Uhlobo lokuwa luyingozi kakhulu, ngoba izinsalela ziqala ukunyakaza ngokungazi, kuze kube yilapho ungqimba olungaphezulu lugcina lubhidlika futhi yonke into ezungezile iwela emgodini ombiwe ngamanzi.
Empeleni, ukubukeka kwayo kuhlobene nezimbangela zemvelo, imisebenzi yabantu kanye namanzi. Ngokuvamile amanzi avela ezimvula ezinkulu noma amanzi akhona ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lolwandle endaweni ekugcineni azothinta enye yezingxenye zamadwala ezingaphansi komhlabathi, i.e. iyakwazi ukushintsha ezinye izendlalelo ezingezona ezomhlaba. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, zimbili izinto ezingenzeka eziholela ekwakhekeni kukasinki.
Okokuqala, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nomhume ongaphansi komhlaba esinyathela kuwo, nakuba singazi, futhi kuthinta uphahla. Lokhu kungaba ukuguguleka kobuso obuwayo futhi bugcine buveziwe. Esimweni sesibili kungenzeka ngoba ayikho imigede, futhi isenzo samanzi sincibilikisa idwala elibambe ngokuqinile inhlabathi, futhi iphinde ibangele ukuba iwe, idale lawa kwalasha asemhlabeni.
Lapho zenzeka
Uma iziphathimandla zixwayiswa, zingathola izimpawu zomgwaqo ezixwayisa ngobungozi obungase bube khona. Uma kungenjalo, qaphela phansi, njengoba kungase kube nemifantu kanye namamaki amancane we-gouge. Enye indlela yokubona lokhu uma ubona izitshalo zikhula eduze kwemifantu, kusho ukuthi kukhona amanzi ngaphansi.
Kunemigodi eminingi ethokozisayo engaphansi kwamanzi, futhi kukhona ongayivakashela uma ubuka indawo. Lezi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izimbobo eziluhlaza" futhi zihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu. Isibonelo, i-Pozzo del Mero e-Italy icishe ibe ngamamitha angu-400 ukujula futhi I-Blue Hole ye-Dean e-Bahamas icwila ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-200.
Okubi ngama-sinkholes ukuthi ayingozi. Yebo, konke kuncike ohlotsheni lwemigodi ecwilayo eyakhayo, kodwa emadolobheni ijwayele ukuguguleka ize idilike, yingakho igcina iholele ekufeni kwabantu abebedlula benganakile, futhi. kungani izimoto eziningi ziwela phansi ngokujulile. Okubuhlungu kakhulu ukuthi izidumbu zabantu abaningi ezigwinywe wumgodi wokucwila, ngoba indawo ayizinzile, azisoze zatholakala.
Izibonelo zama-sinkholes
Usawoti wamadwala ozungeze uLwandle Olufile noma itshe le-limestone eNhlonhlweni YaseYucatan eMexico ungezinye izibonelo ezimbili ezinhle zokwakheka okungokwemvelo kwamachibi emhlabeni. ESpain, enye yezindawo zayo zokucwila zemvelo ezidume kakhulu nezihlaba umxhwele yiTorcas del Palancar esifundazweni saseCuenca. Isiphenduke indawo ekhanga izivakashi e-Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha.
Kunoma yikuphi, akuzona zonke izihlabathi ezivame ukucwila ngokulinganayo. Eqinisweni, i-etymology yegama elithi dolina yaqala ngesiSlovenia, ngoba kulula ukuyithola kulezi zifunda, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseCarso. Lokhu kungenxa yohlobo lwenhlabathi abanayo, eyakhiwe ikakhulukazi uchungechunge lwamatshe athile, njenge-limestone noma i-gypsum, yona eyakhiwe ngamaminerali ancibilikayo lapho ehlangana namanzi. Lolu hlobo lwempumuzo lubizwa ngokuthi i-karst relief, lushiya indawo yemvelo emangalisayo esingayijabulela.
Futhi, Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-sinkholes ezingakhiwa. Isibonelo, i-sump wuhlobo lwe-sump eyindilinga esetshenziswa njengomsele wokudonsa amanzi emvula nemifula emincane; Ama-Tollos avame kakhulu endaweni yaseCastilla y León, afana nama-sinkholes, kodwa amanzi abawaqoqayo azokwakheka ngokushesha. Zimuncwa uhlobo lwamatshe.
Ukukhululeka kanye ne-geology
Ukwakheka kwama-sinkholes kwenzeka enhlabathini eyenziwe ngamadwala angenalutho akhiwe ngobumba kanye ne-limestone, ngakho-ke lokhu akuyona ukuphela kwenqubo ezindaweni ezinamakhalori. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ingxenye yamanzi emvula iba amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi ageleza ngaphansi kwedwala ngesikhathi esifanayo nenqwaba egeleza kuwo.
Ngenxa yokuthi amanzi emvula aqukethe i-carbon dioxide evela emkhathini, i-carbonation iyenzeka. Le carbon dioxide ihlangana ne-calcium hydroxide edwaleni futhi ikhiphe amanzi ne-calcium carbonate. Ngakho-ke, Uma nje amanzi efinyelela inani elidingekayo, amadwala azoncibilika futhi azinze.
Lezi ziyisisekelo semvelaphi ye-karst modeling, eyaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-sinkholes. Amanzi angaphezulu namanzi angaphansi ancibilika kancane kancane amadwala. Ngale ndlela, kwakhiwa imipheme nemigede ehlanganisa amanzi amabili.
Ngenxa yokuhlakazeka kancane kancane kwedwala, ukwakheka kwalo kungahamba kancane noma kungakheka ngokuzumayo ngenxa yokuwa komgede ongaphansi komhlaba. Esimweni sesibili, imele ingozi enkulu ezakhiweni ezisendaweni ethintekile.
Esikhathini esingangonyaka esidlule, esinye salezi zigigaba savela eGuatemala, okwabangela ukwesaba futhi, njengenjwayelo, safinyelela eziphethweni ezisheshayo nezingalungile ngokusekelwe kulokho okucatshangelwayo nobuhlungu bokuzithandela esasibuvumile. Sihlale sihlaselwa yilokho okuthiwa yizinhlekelele ezizayo, futhi izizathu noma izimbangela ezingenzeka azisho lutho.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nama-sinkholes nezici zawo.