I-Al-Khwarizmi

Omunye wamadoda afake isandla kakhulu kusayensi ngumSulumane ogama lakhe linguMohammad Ibn Musa abu Djafar Al-Khwarizmi. Le ndoda ibiyisazi sezibalo, isazi sezinkanyezi kanye nesazi sokuma komhlaba futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izalelwe edolobheni lasePheresiya iKhwarizm. Leli dolobha liseningizimu-mpumalanga yoLwandle i-Aral futhi lalinqotshwe eminyakeni engama-70 ngaphambi kokuba lizalwe ngama-Arabhu. Igama lika-Al-Khwarizmi lisho iNdodana kaMose.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngakho konke ukuxhaphaza nokutholakele kwe- I-Al-Khwarizmi kanye ne-biography yakhe.

I-Biography

Wazalwa ngo-780. Ngo-820 wabizelwa eBaghdad (lokho manje esikwaziyo njenge-Iraq) ngu-Abbasid Caliph Al Mamun. Le ndoda yaziwa kubo bonke ngenxa yama- "Arabian Nights." IHouse of Wisdom yakhelwa ukucebisa isayensi kanye nezinye izikole zezesayensi nazo zakhiwa. Eminye yemisebenzi yefilosofi ebaluleke kakhulu yahunyushelwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu. Lezi zikhungo zazinezindawo zokubuka izinkanyezi.

Yonke le ndawo yezesayensi namasiko amaningi yenza ukufunda kuka-Al-Khwarizmi kukhiqize kakhulu. Ekugcineni wanquma ukunikela ngazo zonke izincwadi zakhe ku-algebra nakwisayensi yezinkanyezi. Lezi zinqumo zibe nemiphumela ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi esizayo kwesayensi eYurophu, ikakhulukazi ngeSpain.

Wahamba e-Afghanistan, eningizimu yeRussia naseByzantium. Kubantu abaningi, wayebhekwa njengesazi sezibalo esihle kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi izibalo yinto esungulwe ngumuntu. Ngakho-ke, noma kunzima kuwo wonke umuntu, akunakuba nzima kunokuqonda komuntu, ngoba kudalwe yithi. Ngaleyo filosofi, u-Al-Khwarizmi wakwazi ukusebenza ngezibalo ngekhono elikhulu.

Ushonele eBaghdad cishe ngonyaka ka-850 AD. Wayekhunjulwa njengesinye sezibalo ezihamba phambili kuwo wonke umlando.

I-Al-Khwarizmi Iyasebenza

Wenza imisebenzi eyi-10 futhi cishe yonke iyaziwa ngokungaqondile nangokuhumusha okwenziwa kamuva kwaba isiLatin. Kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe, yisihloko kuphela esaziwayo futhi yonke eminye eyahunyushwa yenziwa eToledo. Lo sosayensi wayezinikele ekuhlanganiseni lonke ulwazi oludingekayo lwamaGrikhi namaHindu. Wayezinikele kakhulu kwizibalo, kepha wabuyela nasezinkanyezi, i-geography, umlando kanye nokufunda izinkanyezi.

Kufanele ucabange ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi isayensi yayingathuthukisiwe kangako. Umuntu angachitha isikhathi esiningi ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene futhi akwazi ukudlulela phambili kuzo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bekungekho lwazi oluningi noma ubuchwepheshe. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi umuntu abe ngamasiko amaningi futhi abe nguchwepheshe kwizifundo ezahlukahlukene. Namuhla kunolwazi oluningi ngesihloko ngasinye. Ungachitha isikhathi esihlokweni esisodwa noma kwesinye. Kepha uma ufuna ngempela ukuba nguchwepheshe kwezinye, awukwazi ukugxila kokumbalwa ngasikhathi sinye, ngoba ubungeke ube nesikhathi sokwazi konke ngakho. Ngaphezu kwanoma yini, ngoba izifundo ezintsha nokutholakele kuphuma nsuku zonke futhi kufanele uhlale uvuselela.

Umsebenzi wakhe owaziwa kakhulu kuyo yonke futhi owasetshenziswa kakhulu kwakungamathebula e-Astronomical Tables. Lawa mathebula ayesuselwa olwazini amaHindu ayelutholile nokuthi babeluthumbe lapho. Lawa amatafula afaka ama-algorithm asetshenziselwa ukubala izinsuku neminye imisebenzi ye-trigonometric efana ne-sine ne-cotangent.

Ngezibalo zakhe, kugcinwa inguqulo yesiLatin yekhulu le-XNUMX kuphela. Lo msebenzi uchaza ngokuningiliziwe lonke uhlelo lwamaHindu lokulinganisa okuyisisekelo kwe-base-10. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo lokubala ungazi ezinye izindlela eziningi zokwenza ukubala ukufeza izinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi kunendlela ebisebenza ukuthola izimpande eziyisikwele, yize ingaveli kulokhu kulondolozwa kwesiLatin.

I-algebra ukuphatha

Ukutholwa kwakhe kwizibalo kwakubalulekile ukuze akwazi ukwethula izinhlelo zokubala ezweni lama-Arab futhi, kamuva, kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Lezi zinhlelo zehlele kithi ngama-Arabhu futhi kufanele sizibize ngokuthi yi-Indo-Arabic, ngoba zazisekelwe olwazini lwamaHindu. Lolu hlelo owokuqala owaqala ukusebenzisa uziro njengenye inombolo.

Incwadi yakhe ye-algebra iyisingeniso esihlanganisiwe sezibalo. Kulesi sivumelwano ungabona ukuthi imithetho ethile isetshenziswa kanjani ukuqedela izibalo. Zidinga futhi ukwehliswa ukuze zibe lula futhi zikwazi ukuzixazulula. Yize izibalo ziyinkimbinkimbi, kuseyisayensi lapho sihlala sizama ukuthola indlela elula. Amafomula ngokuvamile ancishiswa aphansi ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze aqinisekise idatha yekhwalithi ngokunemba okuphezulu kepha ngaphandle kokwenza izibalo eziningi kakhulu.

Embhalweni wakhe we-algebra, wasiza nasekuhleleni zonke izinqumo ze-quadratic equations. Lezi zibalo zivela naku-geometry, ekubaleni kwezebhizinisi namafa, ngakho-ke zazilusizo kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Incwadi endala ka-Al-Khwarizmi yaziwa ngesihloko esithi Kitab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala futhi yilona elinikeza umsuka nencazelo egameni elithi algebra.

Lawa magama aqanjwa ukuze aqonde imigomo ebisetshenziswe kuma-coefficients amabi nakhayo azo zonke izibalo ezaziwayo. Sihunyushelwe olimini lwesiSpanish, isihloko somsebenzi kungashiwo ngokuthi "Incwadi yokubuyisela nokulinganisa" noma "Ubuciko bokuxazulula izibalo."

Ukwelashwa nge-astronomy nokusebenza ngejografi

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Al-Khwarizmi naye wenza isivumelwano nge-Astronomy. Zinguqulo ezimbili kuphela zesiLatin ezigciniwe. Kulesi sivumelwano umuntu wayengabona ngeso lengqondo izifundo zamakhalenda nezindawo zangempela zeLanga, inyanga namaplanethi. Amathebula ezono kanye nama-tangents asetshenziselwa isayensi yezinkanyezi eyindilinga. Kulesi sivumelwano singathola futhi amatafula ezinkanyezi, ukubalwa kwe-parallax nokusitheka kwelanga nokubonakala kwenyanga.

Ubuye wazinikela ngokwengxenye ekufundeni kwezwe, lapho enza khona umsebenzi obizwa ngeKitab Surat-al-Ard. Kulomsebenzi ungabona ukuthi umqondisa kanjani uPtolemy kukho konke okuphathelene ne-Afrika kanye neMpumalanga. Wenze uhla lwamadolobha, izintaba, imifula, iziqhingi, izindawo ezihlukene zomhlaba, ngisho nezilwandle. Le mininingwane isetshenziswe njenge- isisekelo sokwakha ibalazwe lomhlaba elalaziwa ngaleso sikhathi.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, u-Al-Khwarizmi wenza amagalelo abalulekile emhlabeni wesayensi futhi, namhlanje, sinezicelo eziningi kwizibalo ngenxa yakhe.