Zakha kanjani izinkanyezi

Kuwo wonke umkhathi sibona zonke izinkanyezi ezakha umkhathi wasezulwini. Nokho, ababaningi abantu abazi kahle Zakha kanjani izinkanyezi. Kufanele wazi ukuthi lezi zinkanyezi zinemvelaphi nesiphetho. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenkanyezi lunokwakheka okuhlukile futhi lunezici ngokwalokho kwakheka.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi izinkanyezi zakhiwe kanjani, yiziphi izici zazo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo endaweni yonke.

Yini izinkanyezi

Inkanyezi yinto yezinkanyezi eyenziwe ngegesi (ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen ne-helium) futhi itholakala ukulingana ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi ajwayele ukuwucindezela kanye nomfutho wegesi owukhulisayo. Kulokhu, inkanyezi ikhiqiza amandla amaningi asuka enkabeni yayo, ene-fusion reactor ekwazi ukuhlanganisa i-helium nezinye izakhi ezivela ku-hydrogen.

Kulokhu kusabela kwe-fusion, inqwaba ayilondolozwa ngokuphelele, kodwa ingxenye encane iguqulwa ibe amandla. Njengoba isisindo senkanyezi sikhulu, ngisho nesincane kakhulu, kunjalo nenani lamandla eliwakhiphayo njalo ngomzuzwana.

Izici eziyinhloko

Izici eziyinhloko zezinkanyezi yilezi:

• Masa: Okuguquguqukayo kakhulu, kusuka engxenyeni yesisindo seLanga kuya ezinkanyezini ezinkulu ezinobuningi obuphindwe kaningi kunobunzima beLanga.
• Ukushisa: kubuye kube okuguquguqukayo. Ku-photosphere, indawo ekhanyayo yenkanyezi, izinga lokushisa liphakathi kuka-50.000-3.000 K. Futhi phakathi nendawo, izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ezigidini ze-Kelvin.
• Umbala: okuhlobene kakhulu nezinga lokushisa kanye nekhwalithi. Lapho inkanyezi ishisa kakhulu, umbala wayo uba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ngokuphambene, lapho ibanda kakhulu, ibabomvu kakhulu.
• Ukukhanya: kuncike emandleni emisebe yezinkanyezi, ngokuvamile ayifani. Izinkanyezi ezishisa kakhulu nezinkulu zikhanya kakhulu.
• Ubukhulu: ukukhanya kwayo okusobala njengoba kubonakala eMhlabeni.
• Ukuhamba: izinkanyezi zinokunyakaza okuhlobene maqondana nensimu yazo, kanye nokunyakaza okujikelezayo.
• Ubudala: Inkanyezi ingaba iminyaka yendawo yonke (cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13) noma ibe ncane njengeminyaka eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane.

Zakha kanjani izinkanyezi

Izinkanyezi zakhiwa ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi amafu amakhulu egesi nothuli lwe-cosmic, ukuqina kwawo kuguquguquka njalo. Izinto eziyinhloko kula mafu i-molecule ye-hydrogen ne-helium, kanye nenani elincane lazo zonke izakhi ezaziwayo eMhlabeni.

Ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ezakha inqwaba yenqwaba ehlakazekile emkhathini akwenzeki. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuminyana kuyanda kancane endaweni ethile, kudala ukucindezelwa.

Ukucindezela kwegesi kuvame ukususa lokhu kucindezelwa, kodwa amandla adonsela phansi ahlanganisa ama-molecule anamandla ngoba izinhlayiya zisondelene, eziphikisana nomphumela. Futhi, amandla adonsela phansi azokwandisa futhi ubukhulu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, izinga lokushisa liyakhula kancane kancane.

Manje cabanga ngale nqubo enkulu yokufingqa enaso sonke isikhathi esitholakalayo. I-Gravity i-radial, ngakho-ke ifu eliwumphumela lezinto lizoba ne-symmetry eyindilinga. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-protostar. Futhi, leli fu elimnyama alimile, kodwa lizungeza ngokushesha njengoba udaba luvumelana.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ingqikithi izokwakheka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kanye nezingcindezi ezinkulu, okuzoba i-fusion reactor yenkanyezi. Lokhu kudinga isisindo esibucayi, kodwa uma kwenzeka, inkanyezi ifinyelela ukulingana futhi iqala, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, impilo yayo yabantu abadala.

I-Stellar mass kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwalandela

Izinhlobo zokusabela ezingase zenzeke kumongo zizoncika kubukhulu bayo bokuqala kanye nokuvela kwenkanyezi okulandelayo. Kubantu abaningi izikhathi ezingaphansi kuka-0,08 ubukhulu belanga (cishe 2 x 10 30 kg), azikho izinkanyezi eziyokwakha ngoba umnyombo ngeke uvuthe. Into eyakhiwe ngaleyo ndlela izophola kancane kancane futhi ukujiya kunqamuke, kukhiqize intonga ensundu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma i-protostar inkulu kakhulu, ngeke futhi ikwazi ukufinyelela ukulingana okudingekayo ukuze ibe inkanyezi, ngakho izowa ngobudlova.

Inkolelo-mbono yokuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi ukuze kwakhe izinkanyezi kuthiwa yashiwo isazi sezinkanyezi saseBrithani nesazi sendawo yonke uJames Jeans (1877-1946), naye owasungula inkolelo-mbono yesimo esiqinile yendawo yonke. Namuhla, le thiyori yokuthi i-matter ihlale idalwa iye yashiywa ukuze ivune ithiyori ye-Big Bang.

umjikelezo wempilo yenkanyezi

Izinkanyezi zakhiwa ngenxa yenqubo yokufingqa kwe-nebulae eyakhiwa igesi nothuli lwe-cosmic. Le nqubo ithatha isikhathi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-10 neziyi-15 ngaphambi kokuba inkanyezi ifinyelele ekuzinzeni kokugcina. Lapho ingcindezi yegesi ekhulayo namandla acindezelayo ebhalansi yamandla adonsela phansi isiphumile, inkanyezi ingena kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukulandelana okuyinhloko.

Ngokuya ngobuningi bayo, inkanyezi ihlala komunye wemigqa yomdwebo we-Hertzplan-Russell, noma umdwebo we-HR ngamafuphi. Nawu umdwebo obonisa imigqa ehlukahlukene ye-stellar evolution, yonke enqunywa ubuningi benkanyezi.

I-Stellar evolution line

Uchungechunge oluyinhloko luyindawo ecishe imise okwe-diagonally egijima phakathi nendawo yeshadi. Lapho, ngesinye isikhathi, izinkanyezi ezisanda kwakheka zingena ngobuningi bazo. Izinkanyezi ezishisa kakhulu, ezikhanya kakhulu, ezinkulu kakhulu ziphezulu kwesokunxele, kuyilapho ezipholile kunazo zonke nezincane zingezansi kwesokudla.

IMisa ipharamitha elawula ukuvela kwezinkanyezi, njengoba sekushiwo izikhathi eziningi. Empeleni, izinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu ziphelelwa uphethiloli ngokushesha, kuyilapho izinkanyezi ezincane, ezipholile, njengama-dwarfs abomvu, yiphathe ngokucophelela.

Kubantu, ama-red dwarfs acishe abe ngunaphakade, futhi awekho ama-red dwarf aziwayo afa. Eduze kwezinkanyezi eziyinhloko ezilandelanayo kunezinkanyezi eziye kweminye imithala ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngale ndlela, izinkanyezi ezinkulu nezinkulu ziphezulu nezincane ezimhlophe ngezansi.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi izinkanyezi zakhiwe kanjani, yiziphi izici zazo nokunye okuningi.