Yenzelweni isibonakude?

Yenzelweni isibonakude somuntu siqu?

Kuyinto esunguliwe eye yaguqula isayensi yezinkanyezi nolwazi ngendawo yonke. Nokho, akubona bonke abantu abakwaziyo yini isibonakude. Kucatshangwa nje ukuthi kuwukubheka isibhakabhaka nezinkanyezi noma amaplanethi lokho okusesimisweni sonozungezilanga. Noma kunjalo, kunezinye eziningi ezisetshenziswayo.

Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi i-telescope ngeyani, ukubaluleka kwayo nokuthi ibasize kanjani abantu.

yini isibonakude

Yenzelweni isibonakude?

Ama-telescopes asetshenziselwa ukubuka izinto ezikude ngenxa yamaza kagesi njengokukhanya. Igama elithi telescope livela egameni lesiGreki elithi Tele nelithi skopein, okusho ukuthi "kude" kanye "nokubona", ngokulandelana. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi isibonakude singewani.

I-prototype yokuqala ye-telescope yesimanje yasungulwa eNetherlands ngo-1608 futhi kuthiwa yenziwe nguHans Lippershey. Ngemva konyaka, i-Italian Galileo Galilei yakha isibonakude sokuqala sezinkanyezi, esamvumela ukuba abone izinto zasemkhathini.

Ngenxa yaleli thuluzi, usosayensi wase-Italy wathola i-Milky Way, izinyanga ezine ze-Jupiter, futhi wafunda izici zeVenus ne-Mars. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko wesibonakude uwukwenza izinto zibonakale zizikhudlwana ngochungechunge lwamalensi akhulisayo. Nokho, lo mbono awulungile. Eqinisweni, umsebenzi oyinhloko wethuluzi ukuqoqa ukukhanya okuboniswa into bese ukwakhiwa kabusha kube isithombe.

Yenzelweni isibonakude?

izinhlobo zezibonakude

Ngenxa yokuqoqwa kokukhanya nokudalwa kwezithombe ezikhulisiwe, izibonakude zisetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yocwaningo.

Eqinisweni, izinsimbi zenzelwe izinhloso ezehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izibonakude zomsakazo ezingabamba amagagasi avela emkhathini futhi ziwasebenzise kusayensi yezinkanyezi.

Bheka izindikimba zasezulwini ebusweni bomhlaba

Kokubili izimfundamakhwela nezingcweti zingasebenzisa izibonakude ukuze zibuke izinto zasemkhathini eziphezu komhlaba. Ngokusobala, ububanzi bezinsimbi zochwepheshe kanye nesithombe esiwumphumela sizoba phezulu kunezinsimbi zabasaqalayo.

Namuhla, amazwe amaningi anezikhungo zocwaningo ezinezindawo zokubuka izinto. Ziyizikhala ezisetshenziselwa ukuqoqa idatha nokurekhoda imicimbi ethile. Indawo yokuhlola evame kakhulu i-observatory. Zinezibonakude ezinkulu ezinezinhloso ezingamamitha ububanzi, ukuze zikwazi ukubona izinto ezikude.

Ezinye zezindawo zokubuka izinto ezaziwayo iNational and San Fernando Observatories (eSpain), iMauna Kea (Hawaii), Roque de los Muchachos kanye neTeide Observatories (eCanary Islands), iCerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory kanye neCerro Pachón Observatory. (eChile).

Ukuqoqwa kwedatha okunembile

Ama-telescopes asetshenziswa kusayensi yezinkanyezi njengendlela yokuqoqa idatha. Isiyalo sisebenzisa kokubili izibonakude ze-optical kanye nerediyo. Isibonakude esidume kakhulu sokubona i-Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Ithuluzi liku-Earth orbit, ngaphandle komkhathi, endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angama-593. Le divayisi imelela impumelelo ngoba ingahlinzeka ngezithombe ngaphandle kokuhlanekezela komkhathi noma ukunyakaza komoya.

Emkhathini, ithuluzi liqoqa ukukhanya okuningi kunalokho elingakwenza endaweni yoMhlaba ngenxa yokuthi umkhathi udonsa ukukhanya okuningi. Kusukela yethulwa ngo-1990, i-Hubble Space Telescope iye yathuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokwenza imisebenzi yokusevisa. Ezinhlanu zalezi mishini kuhloswe ngazo ukulungisa izingxenye ezilimele zesibonakude kanye nokufaka ezinye esikhundleni ngobuchwepheshe besimanje. Umsebenzi wokugcina wenzeka ngo-2009.

Ekuhlaziyeni izithombe nokukhanya

Ukukhanya okuqoqwe yisibonakude kungase kube ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlaziya: ukuhlaziywa kwesithombe nokuhlaziywa kwe-spectral. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesithombe kungomunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yesibonakude. Umgomo wayo ukukhiqiza ukumelelwa kwesithombe sento ehloliwe.

Izibonakude zendabuko zisebenzisa amakhamera ukuze ziqoqe lezi zithombe. Izibonakude zesimanje azisasebenzisi ifilimuKunalokho, banemishini eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yokuqoqa idatha ngokuphumelelayo. Le ntuthuko inenzuzo ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi isithombe siyidijithali kusindisa inqubo yokuthuthukisa isithombe

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izithombe ezinikeziwe zingalayishwa ngokuqondile kukhompuyutha futhi zihlaziywe kalula. Mayelana nocwaningo lwe-spectroscopy, kunendlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-astronomical spectroscopy. Le nqubo Isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya i-spectrum yemisebe ye-electromagnetic.

Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya lunganquma umthombo wamagagasi okukhanya. Iphinde inikeze amathuluzi okunquma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali omzimba okhanyayo. Izibonakude ze-Stellar zifakwe ama-prism abekwe kulensi yenhloso ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya ukuze kuhlaziywe.

Izici ezivumela ukusebenza kwe-telescope

incazelo yesibonakude

Isibonakude sinezinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo: ukuqoqa ukukhanya, ukukhiqiza isithombe, nokukhulisa indawo yokubuka yento.

Ngenxa yalezi zakhiwo ezintathu, izibonakude zingasetshenziswa ukubuka izinto ezingaba yinkimbinkimbi (noma ngisho ezingenakwenzeka) ukufunda ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamathuluzi anjalo.

thatha ukukhanya

Izibonakude zinesibopho sokuqoqa ukukhanya okukhishwayo noma okuboniswa izinto ezikude. Ukuze kuqoqwe ukukhanya, ithuluzi lisekelwe ekusebenziseni umgomo okungaba ilensi (uma kuyisimo setheleskopu ekhanyelayo) noma isibuko (esimeni sesibonakude esikhanyayo).

dala isithombe

Kusukela ekukhanyeni okuthathwe yisibonakude isithombe singakhiwa, lokho okubonakala nge-lens. Ngokuya ngekhwalithi yesibonakude, isithombe esiwumphumela sizoba nokulungiswa okuningi noma okuncane. Okusho ukuthi, izokwethula ubukhali obungaphezulu noma obuncane.

Sondeza into ebhekiwe

Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi injongo eyinhloko yesibonakude iwukukhulisa izinto. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko ukuqoqa ukukhanya. Ngokwakho, ukukhuliswa kuyimpahla ewusizo uma ubheka izinto ezikude njengezindikimba zasezulwini.

Uma kusetshenziswa ilensi enkulu noma isibuko, ikhwalithi yesithombe esiwumphumela iba nkulu. Okungukuthi, imininingwane nokucaca kwesithombe esibonwa ngesibonakude kuncike ngokuqondile ekhonweni lokuqoqa ukukhanya kwelensi.

Yenzelweni isibonakude somuntu siqu?

izimbazo zesibonakude

Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokufunda ukukhetha isibonakude isikhathi oyokwazi ukusigxilisa ngaso ekubhekeni esibhakabhakeni. Uma ubheka okufushane, okungavamile, Akufanelekile ukutshala isikhathi esiningi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma uzochitha isikhathi esiningi ubuka, kungcono ukuba nesibonakude esihle. Ukuphuma uye ensimini futhi uchithe amahora ambalwa ubukele akufani nokwenza izinto ezisheshayo eduze nasekhaya ukuze ubone izinkanyezi ezinkulu.

Ake sithi sichitha amahora amabili kulo msebenzi wokuzilibazisa. Akunangqondo ukuthi isibonakude sibe nezingxenye eziningi kakhulu, i-equatorial mount, noma kuthathe isikhathi eside ukujwayela. Lezi zibonakude ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kufanele zifakwe esiteshini sasemkhathini ngoba ziningi izingxenye. Ngakho-ke sizothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuwaqaqa futhi siwahlanganise ngoba ekugcineni ngeke sikwazi ukukujabulela ngokugcwele ukubonwa.

Uma sizogcina isikhathi esincane, kufanele siqale isikhathi eside. Kungcono ukuba nesibonakude semanuwali esine-altitude mount. Ngalo mqondo, uhlobo lwe-Dobson lungumnqobi omkhulu kule ngxenye.

Uma ukhetha ukubuka kwendabuko noma amasu edijithali, kufanele ukugcine lokhu engqondweni. Abanye abantu bathanda ukufunda ngezinkanyezi ngendlela yendabuko, njengezazi zezinkanyezi zesikhathi esedlule. Kulokhu, ngesibonakude esisebenza ngesandla namashadi athile asemkhathini, singachitha iminyaka sibuka isibhakabhaka. Abanye abantu bancamela ukuncika kubuchwepheshe, bancamela umqondo wokusebenzisa isibonakude ngocingo lwabo nokubuka izithombe kukhompyutha.

Singathola izinto esibhakabhakeni mathupha noma sivumele isibonakude sisenzele wonke umsebenzi. Inkinga yobuchwepheshe ukuthi ingaba yisici esiyingozi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungasenza sizizwe sikhululekile futhi sivimbele asifunde isibhakabhaka noma singazi ukuthi singaphatha kanjani isibonakude ngokwethu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibonakude eziphathwa ngesandla ziyokwenza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu kithi ekuqaleni, kodwa kumelwe siqaphele ukuthi ukufuna umthala wonyaka wokukhanya sisodwa ngokuvamile kuletha injabulo enkulu nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu.

Zombili izinhlanganisela zamukelekile, kodwa kunzima ukuzihlanganisa eqenjini elifanayo. Uma okunye kwenzeka, kuzodingeka sikhethe eyodwa. Uma isabelomali sethu besingesikhulu kakhulu, bekuzodingeka sisebenzise izibonakude ezenziwe ngezandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isabelomali sethu siphezulu, manje singakhetha ukukhululeka kakhudlwana.

Yenzelweni iHubble Space Telescope?

Isibonakude sisemaphethelweni angaphandle omkhathi. I-orbit lapho itholakala khona ingamakhilomitha angama-593 ngaphezu kolwandle. Kuthatha cishe imizuzu engama-97 kuphela ukuzungeza Umhlaba. Yaqala ukufakwa ku-orbit ngo-April 24, 1990 ukuze kutholwe izithombe ezingcono ngokulungiswa okuphezulu.

Phakathi kobukhulu bayo siyithola inabo isisindo esilinganiselwa ku-11.000 kg, ukuma kwe-cylindrical, 4,2 m ububanzi no-13,2 m ubude. Njengoba ubona, iyitheleskopu enkulu kakhulu, kodwa ingantanta emkhathini ngaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi.

IHubble Space Telescope iyakwazi ukukhombisa ukukhanya okufika kuyo ngenxa yezibuko zayo ezimbili. Isibuko naso sikhulu. Enye yazo ingamamitha angu-2,4 ububanzi. Ilungele ukuhlola isibhakabhaka njengoba iqukethe amakhamera amathathu adidiyelwe kanye nama-spectrometer amaningana. Amakhamera ahlukaniswe abe imisebenzi eminingana. Enye iwukuthatha izithombe zezindawo ezincane kunazo zonke endaweni esekelwe kuyo ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo kude. Ngakho bazama ukuthola amaphuzu amasha emkhathini futhi bakhe kangcono imephu ephelele.

Enye ikhamera isetshenziselwa ukuthwebula amaplanethi nokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe ngawo. Eyokugcina isetshenziselwa thola imisebe futhi uthathe izithombe ngisho nasebumnyameni ngoba isebenza nge-infrared. Ngenxa yamandla avuselelekayo, isibonakude singahlala isikhathi eside.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi i-telescope ingeyani nokuthi uyini umsebenzi wayo wangempela.


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Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

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  1. Ubhekele imininingwane: Miguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.