Noma Umfula iCongo Ungomunye wemifula ebabazekayo emhlabeni, awuzange utholwe yisiko laseNtshonalanga kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-1482. Eqinisweni, izindaba eziningi ziqala ngokufika kwamaPutukezi. UMfula iCongo ungomunye wemifula ebaluleke kakhulu ebalazweni le-hydrological yomhlaba, kepha wawungaziwa eNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngezici, ukwakheka komhlaba kanye nokuhlukahluka koMfula iCongo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Emzileni wayo, owela iZambia, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, iRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo kanye ne-Angola, umuzwa wobukhulu awuphelelwa yisikhathi futhi awuchazeki. Umfula ojulile emhlabeni ubuye ube nekhaya lezilwane eziyingqayizivele nezinhlobonhlobo. Ngalo mqondo, iCongo inezindawo eziningi zokuhlala ezincane ezinezimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo, ezenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ngokuhlukahluka kwayo okunothile.
Lo mfula wase-Afrika ungowesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ungowesibili ngobude kunabo bonke futhi ungowesibili ukujula kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Afrika futhi uhlinzeka ngemvelo eshisayo esekela izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emgodini wayo. Igama lalo livela eMbusweni waseCongo, elinye lamazwe abaluleke kakhulu eSahara ngaphambi kokufika kwabahlali.
UMfula iCongo usempumalanga maphakathi ne-Afrika, unendawo yokuhambisa amanzi engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingama-4,01. Ixhuma amazwe aseCongo, iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iRwanda, i-Angola, iBurundi, iCameroon, iCentral African Republic, iZambia, iTanzania. neGabon, yize kweminye imicengezi kungekho ukungena. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-4.700 41.000 ubude futhi ithwala isilinganiso sama-cubic metres ayi-XNUMX ngomzuzwana wamanzi., ngokwengxenye ngoba ithola isilinganiso semvula engama-152 cm ngonyaka. Isibalo sakhe sashintsha kancane futhi wawela i-equator kabili.
Umthombo woMfula iCongo udideka njengemithombo yeminye imifula, kepha ngokuvamile umfula lo kukholakala ukuthi waqhamuka ezinkangala ze-East African Rift Valley enyakatho-mpumalanga yeZambia, phakathi kweLake Tanganyika neLake Niassa. Umthombo wawo kungenzeka kube nguMfula iChangbei endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.760. Ifakwa olwandle i-Atlantic ngobhanana eDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Lo mfula ubunjwe yi-arc, uhlukaniswe waba yi-Upper Congo, Central Congo neLower Congo, ondliswa yimithamo efana neLulonga, Aluwimi, Mongara neKasai.
I-Upper Congo yavela eGreat Rift Valley yaseMpumalanga Afrika futhi yaphelela eStanley Falls, iqale ngeCentral Congo iqhubekele enyakatho amakhilomitha amaningana.
Ukudlula eKisangani eDemocratic Republic of the Congo, umfula uphendukela entshonalanga futhi ngokushesha uqhubeke ugelezele uye eningizimu-ntshonalanga. Isici sale ngxenye emaphakathi ukuthi azikho iziqubu noma izimpophoma, ngakho-ke kungakwazi ukuhamba ngendlela. ILower Congo inqamula idolobha laseKinshasa, kusukela lapho iyakhula, inama-rapids kwezinye izindawo.
Ukwakheka komfula iCongo
Isimo nomsele womfula wesihlanu omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni awumdala kakhulu. Iningi lomcengezi yizidalwa zaseMesozoic, kodwa futhi Kutholakale izinsalela ze-Paleozoic neoproterozoic.
Ngokusobala, ngaphambi kweMesozoic, iCongo kwakuyindlela ephezulu yomunye umfula owawugeleza usuka empumalanga uye entshonalanga ngeGondwana, kepha ukwahlukaniswa kwaleli zwe kwaholela ekuveleni kwamabhulokhi amabili amasha: I-Afrika yanamuhla neNingizimu Melika yanamuhla, ngaleyo ndlela kuguqulwe umzila womfula nokuma kweminye imizimba yamanzi. UMfula iCongo uthathe isimo sawo njengamanje ePleistocene phakathi kweminyaka eyi-150.000 nengama-200.000 edlule.
Izimbali nezilwane zoMfula iCongo
Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo lapho umfula utholakala khona kanye namaminerali acebile anikelwe yindawo ngayinye yamanzi asendaweni eseduze, inesizinda esinothile sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezinhlanzi abhukuda emanzini ayo kanye nemindeni yezinhlanzi eyisi-7 kwengu-10 eLake Tanganyika iguqukele emanzini alo. Izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu ezemikhaya iCiclidae, Mormyridae, Characidae, Distichitodontidae, Mochokidae, Bagridae, Cyprinidae neSiluriformes. Izingwenya nezimfudu, ezifana ama-primates amaningi nezinyoni zasemanzini bathola amakhaya abo aphelele endaweni yabo yamanzi.
Ezitshalweni zasemanzini i-hyacinth yamanzi, iminduze kanye nama-aquern ferns avelele.
Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho
UMfula iCongo ubuyindlela yokuhamba yabantu basendulo baseBantu. Futhi kuwumthombo wokudla kuwo wonke amaqembu ezizwe aseduze. Ukubaluleka kwawo kwezomnotho kuyefana nokwaseMfuleni iNayile.Abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu bahambe ngomkhumbi imizila yabo eminingi futhi basaxhuma amadolobha namadolobha namuhla ngenxa yokushoda kwemigwaqo ephephile endaweni. Imikhiqizo efana noshukela, ikhofi, ukotini, ithusi namafutha esundu zivame ukuhanjiswa zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye futhi, kuze kube muva nje, imikhumbi bekuyizindlela zokuhamba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuzulazula komfula.
Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-75 abantu abathembele emithonjeni yoMfula iCongo, kufaka phakathi imithi, amanzi, izinto zokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokudla. Kwakhiwe amadamu ahlukahlukene kanye nezindawo eziphehla ugesi ophehla ugesi emfuleni ukuhlinzeka abantu ngogesi.
Ezinye izinhlanzi, njengalezo eziseqenjini i-Protopterus, Parachanna, Bagridae, Characidae, naseDistichodontus, zingadalwa ukudotshwa ngokweqile, ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezaseCongo nokuqedwa kwamahlathi. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokusetshenziswa budedengu kwemithombo yamanzi kunciphisa ikhwalithi yamanzi nezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo.
Amahlathi omfula iCongo buthelela u-8% wayo yonke ikhabhoni egcinwe emahlathini omhlaba, okuyenza ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke e-Afrika kanye nelesine emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, cishe i-85% yaleli hlathi eliyintombi selicekiwe futhi ukugawulwa kwemithi kusongela lonke ihlathi. Ukulinganiselwa kokugawulwa kwamahlathi eCentral Africa ngonyaka ka-2050 kubikezela lokho kuphela iDemocratic Republic of the Congo izokhipha amathani ayi-34,4 billion e-carbon dioxide.
Amashumi ezigidi zabantu ancike ehlathini ukuze aphile. EDemocratic Republic of the Congo kuphela, kunabantu abayizigidi ezingama-40 abahlala kula mahlathi. Kule ngxenye yomhlaba, wonke amasiko ahlala ngqo ehlathini ukuze athole indawo yokuhlala, impilo, ukudla, nokusinda kwamasiko nokomoya.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngoMfula iCongo kanye nezici zawo.