El Seine emfuleni, noma i-Seine ngesiFulentshi, iwumfula obaluleke kakhulu eFrance, kokubili emizileni yawo, ingcebo yezohwebo neyokuvakasha, njengophawu olungenakuhlukaniswa lodumo oluhambisana nempilo yaseParis enezici eziningi. Ingu-774,76 km ubude futhi ingena endaweni yaseParis, ikakhulukazi iTroyes, iParis, iRouen neLe Havre. Ikhuphuka e-Source-Seine, amamitha angama-446 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle, ethafeni laseLangres eCôte-d'Or. Isiqondiso esijwayelekile sendlela yayo isuka eningizimu-mpumalanga kuya enyakatho-ntshonalanga. I-Seine ithululela ku-English Channel phakathi kwe-Le Havre ne-Honfleur. Isizinda sayo se-hydrological sithatha amakhilomitha-skwele angama-79.000 futhi sithatha cishe u-30% wabantu bezwe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nomfula i-Seine nezici zawo.
Ukuzalwa nendawo
I-Seine iyigagasi laseYurophu emthambekeni we-Atlantic, esenyakatho yeFrance. Iqala cishe ngamamitha angu-470 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, elisethafeni laseLangres, eduze kwaseDijon, eCôte d'Or, futhi igijima enyakatho-ntshonalanga inqamule amadolobha aseTroyes, Fontainebleau, Paris kanye neRouen (Rouen) ize ifike emlonyeni wayo endaweni ebanzi. indawo yomfula ephakathi kwe-Havre ne-Honfleur, enyakatho-ntshonalanga, i-Seine Bay, i-English Channel.
Umfula iSeine ungumfula wesibili omude kunayo yonke ezweni, ngemuva kweRhône (yize ingxenye yawo inqamula indawo yaseSwitzerland), ubude bayo buphelele bamakhilomitha angama-776. Isitsha saso sinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-78.650 futhi ikakhulukazi ingaphakathi kwesifunda sase-Bassin noma i-Parisian Basin, okuyisisekelo esiyisitsha senhlaka esisesimweni sesitsha esivulekele i-English Channel ngokombono wokwakheka komhlaba.
Umcengezi uhlanganisa ukwakheka komhlaba okuhlangana phakathi nendawo emithambekeni eyimiqansa, kanye nokwakheka okubalulekile kwe-aquifer phakathi kwakho. Indawo yayo ngokuvamile ayenzi ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-300, ngaphandle kwasogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga eMorvan Heights, lapho ifinyelela khona umkhawulo wamamitha angu-900.
Njengoba sishilo phambilini, umfula iSeine uphakama cishe ngamamitha angama-470 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. I-Seine ikwazi ukuhamba ngomkhumbi isuka e-Bar-sur-Seine, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-563 ukusuka emlonyeni wayo, ngezikebhe ezincane neminye imikhumbi ethwala impahla enkulu, iye e-Rouen, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-121 ukusuka emlonyeni wayo.
Umbuso wamanzi emfuleni iSeine
I-Paris Basin inesimo sezulu solwandle, nemimoya ekhona yasentshonalanga iletha ukugeleza komswakama okuqhubekayo. Izindawo ezisogwini zithola imvula ephakathi kuka-800mm no-1100mm. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-topography, ukuphakama kwehlela ku-550mm esifundeni esimaphakathi, i-Bosch iyona ephansi kakhulu, unqenqema olusempumalanga luyakhuphuka, kanti i-Mofan iphuma phezulu ngo-1300mm.
I-Seine kanye nemingenela yayo emithathu eyinhloko, i-Aubert, i-Marne kanye ne-Oise, igeleza ezindaweni ezinezimpawu ezifanayo (izimo zolwandle, indawo ephansi yendawo kanye ne-geology efanayo). Bahlanganyela umbuso ofanayo we-hydrological, ngokugeleza okuphezulu kakhulu ngoJanuwari kanye nokuphansi kakhulu ngo-August.
I-Paris basin ihlanganisa izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba eziyisishiyagalolunye ezifakwe phakathi kwezingqimba ezihlukene zokuma komhlaba. Inethiwekhi ye-hydrological ixhunywe ngokuqondile ku-aquifer engashoni ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Kuye ngobude bamanzi, uphakela iSeine noma udliswa yiyo. Ekugcineni, ukwakheka kwe-alluvial ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10 ubukhulu esigodini bakha i-aquifer yeshumi ekhiqiza kakhulu.
Nakuba izimvula zisakazwa kahle unyaka wonke, i-Seine nemingenela yayo ingaba nezinkathi ezinzima zamagagasi aphansi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma, ngokuphambene, izikhukhula ezinamandla ebusika. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezikhukhula: izikhukhula ezinamandla engxenyeni engenhla yesigodi ngemva kwezimvula ezinkulu nezikhukhula ezihamba kancane ezigodini eziphansi ngemva kwezimvula ezithatha isikhathi eside.
Isitsha somfula i-Seine
Isitsha, okuhlanganisa nengxenye yeBelgium, ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-78 (30 square miles), lapho 470% iyihlathi futhi 2% umhlaba olimekayo. Ngaphandle kweParis, kunamanye amadolobha amathathu endaweni yaseSeine enabantu abangaphezu kuka-78. Ziyi-Le Havre emlonyeni womfula, i-Rouen esigodini sase-Seine kanye ne-Reims enyakatho ekude, ngezinga lokukhula kwamadolobha ngonyaka elingu-100.000%. Ukuminyana kwabantu yizakhamizi ezingama-0,2 ngekhilomitha lesikwele ngalinye.
Amapayipi endle aseParis ngezikhathi ezithile ahlangabezana nokwehluleka okwaziwa njengokuchichima kwendle, ngokuvamile phakathi nezimvula ezinkulu. Kulezi zimo, indle yalahlwa eSeine. Umphumela wokuntuleka komoyampilo ubangelwa ikakhulukazi amagciwane okungewona awomdabu angaphezu kwe-micron eyodwa.
I-Seine inokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinsimbi ezisindayo. I-pH ye-Pont Neuf Seine ikalwe ku-8,46. Noma kunjalo, izinga lamanzi liye laba ngcono kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nalokho osomlando abahlukahlukene abakubiza ngokuthi “amapayipi endle avulekile” ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene esikhathini esidlule.
Izimbali nezilwane
Iningi le-Seine lidlula ezindaweni ezinezimboni noma ezithuthuke kakhulu, ngakho izitshalo nezilwane zayo ziyancipha. Nokho, amanzi aseyikhaya lezinhlanzi ezinjenge-flounder (Lota lota), i-pike (Esox lucius), minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), i-perch (Perca fluviatilis), i-European flounder (i-Platichthys flesus), i-common sturgeon (i-Acipenser sturio), i-Tinca i-tinca, i-white snapper (i-Blicca bjoerkna), i-loach (i-Cobitis taenia), i-otter (i-Barbatula barbatula), i-eel (i-Anguilla anguilla), i-lampe yomfula (i-Lampetra planeri), i-lamprey yomfula (i-Lampetra fluviatilis) kanye nesibani solwandle (Petromyzon marinus), ukuvakashela amanzi anosawoti noma ahlanzekile aphuma olwandle. I-Acipenser sturio ayivamile noma kungenzeka ukuthi yanyamalala emifuleni, futhi i-salmon yase-Atlantic (i-Salmo salar), eyanyamalala emanzini ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ibonakala ibuya.
Isimo sendawo yeSeine Valley asikashintshi kangako, okulinganiselwa ku-2% embozwe amahlathi kwathi ama-78% ayalinywa. Njengoba iBurgundy iyindawo ekhiqiza iwayini, eduze nomthombo wayo, izwe ligcwele imivini. Ngalé komgwaqo ongenela edolobheni, ugu luyikhaya lezitshalo zasemanzini, okugqama umhlanga wazo.
Ukubaluleka kweSeine, ngaphezu komnotho, isiko nomlando. Ungumfula okwazi ukuhamba kalula ngenxa yamanzi awo azolile, ukuphakama okuphansi maqondana nezinga lolwandle nokwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu. E-Paris, yakha umzila wamanzi futhi inethiwekhi yedolobha ithwala iningi lemifula yaseFrance. I-Le Havre iyichweba elikhulu enyakatho yezwe, emlonyeni womfula, ngakho-ke iParis ixhumeke ngqo echwebeni. I-Seine idlula amabhuloho angama-37 aseParis kanye namabhuloho amaningana ngaphandle kwedolobha.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-Seine River nezici zayo.