Impumelelo eyingqophamlando ye-Apollo 11 ngo-1969 ayigcinanga nje ngokunikeza i-United States ithuba elibalulekile emqhudelwaneni oqhubekayo neSoviet Union (USSR), kodwa futhi yaphawula ingqopha-mlando engakaze ibonwe ekubekeni abantu ngempumelelo eNyangeni. Naphezu kokudlula iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50, le mpumelelo emangalisayo isalokhu ingenakuqhathaniswa futhi ingenakuphindwa. Njengoba ukuhlola kuqhubeka nokudlula imingcele, kwembula imingcele emisha, futhi kwandise ulwazi lwethu ngokungaziwa, kuya ngokuya kudida ukuzibuza ukuthi kungani singabuyelanga eNyangeni kuso sonke lesi sikhathi.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlaziya ukuthi yiziphi izizathu kungani inyanga ingakabuyi.
Yini imbangela yokwehluleka kwethu ukuphinde sivakashele iNyanga?
Ukuze siwuqonde kangcono umbuzo esikuwo, safuna ubuchwepheshe bukaDkt. Alejandro Farah Simón, ilungu elihloniphekile lakho kokubili i-Astronomy Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) kanye ne-University Space Program (PEU). Okulandelayo impendulo yakhe idluliselwe ku-National Geographic en Español.
Njengomzimba wasezulwini oseduze kakhulu noMhlaba, INyanga inomehluko wokuba ukuphela kwesathelayithi yemvelo yeplanethi yethu futhi ingeyesihlanu ngobukhulu kuSolar System. Nokho, ngisho nangokusondela kwawo, amabanga amakhulu omkhathi ahlala eyisithiyo esikhulu emisebenzini yokuhlola yabantu.
Ebangeni layo eliseduze kakhulu, Isathelayithi ingamakhilomitha angama-360.000 ukusuka eMhlabeni. Umcwaningi ugqamisa izinselelo ezimbili ubuchwepheshe okufanele bubhekane nazo: ukudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi eplanethi yethu nobunkimbinkimbi obuhilelekile ekuzulazuleni endaweni edinga ukuqonda komshini we-orbital ukubikezela indawo yendikimba yasezulwini lapho ufika.
UDkt. Alejandro Farah Simón uchaza ukuthi ukuze umkhumbi-mkhathi uhambe ngempumelelo eMhlabeni futhi ufike eNyangeni, kumele ifinyelele isivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-7,8 ngomzuzwana. Uma lesi sivinini singafinyelelwanga, ukudonselana kwamandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba kungavimbela ukuhlangana. Ukwengeza, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuphila kahle kwabasebenzi kuletha enye iqoqo lezinselele. Akukhona nje kuphela ngokuhlinzeka ngokudla, umoya namanzi, kodwa kubalulekile nokuvikela osomkhathi emisebeni yelanga, ukudlidliza kanye nezinguquko ezingalindelekile zendlela.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukufakwa okubanzi kwezidingo kanye nokulungiswa ngokucophelela kwezinsiza zokubhekana nezinselele zemishini kunomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni ezimba eqolo futhi kubandakanya nabasebenzi abaningi kuphrojekthi.
Kwakudingekani ukuze ufike eNyangeni?
Ngokusho kukangoti, I-Apollo 11 mission ihilele ukusebenzisana kwabantu abacishe babe ngu-400.000 futhi idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okumangazayo kwama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Lezi zibalo zigqamisa ukubaluleka okukhulu kokuhlala kwenyanga njengempumelelo ephawulekayo emkhakheni wesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Lo chwepheshe uqhube wathi ngenxa yenhlangano eningi kanye noxhaso lwezezimali oludingekayo ukuze kwenziwe umzamo onjalo, mancane amathuba okuthi amaphrojekthi afanayo enziwe ngezikhathi ezifiselekayo.
Uyini umgomo wohambo oluzayo oluya enyangeni? Ngokuyisisekelo, umkhankaso olandelayo wenyanga uhlose ukuzibandakanya ezimayini zasemkhathini nokusungula isisekelo ngale koMhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kune-isotope ethile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-helium-3, egcwele eNyangeni kodwa eyindlala emhlabeni wethu. Ukubuyela eNyangeni kunikeza ithuba elibalulekile lokuvuna le gesi, enamandla okugcina impucuko yethu izinkulungwane zeminyaka ngokuhlanganiswa kwenyukliya.
Izizathu zokuthi kungani singabuyeli eNyangeni
Ukuntuleka kwezinhloso kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali
Ukufika komuntu eNyangeni kwakuthonywe kakhulu umongo womlando. Isabela ezingxabanweni zezombangazwe neSoviet Union, i-United States yenza isinqumo sokuthatha uhambo oluya kumakhelwane wethu osezulwini. I-National Geographic igqamisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwalo mbango oshubile, bekungaba umsebenzi onzima kubantu baseMelika. ukuhlanganisa ndawonye abantu abacishe babe ngu-400.000 futhi ukwabe esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-14 lokho namuhla okungalingana nama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-106.000.
Kusukela ngo-1960, kwaba nokukhuphuka okuphawulekayo kwenani lemali eyabelwe uhlelo lwasemkhathini lwaseMelika, ekugcineni lafinyelela inani eliphakeme elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili lika-5,3% wesabelomali sikazwelonke ngo-1965. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba nokuncipha kwentshiseko nokusekelwa. ngohlelo lwasemkhathini lwaseMelika.
Ukulahlekelwa isithakazelo
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdlandla wezepolitiki owawuzungeza 'Umjaho Wendawo' wehla, okudale ukuthi lolu hlelo luqedwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi naphezu kohlelo lokuqala lokufeza imisebenzi engama-20. Ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwaba nomthelela kulesi sinqumo. Ngemva kokubonisa ukuphakama kweMelika kwezesayensi, izindleko zokusekela izinhlelo zasemkhathini zaba nzima kakhulu ukuba zichazwe.
Alusekho uxhaso
Ngawo-1980, uMongameli uNixon wehlisa kakhulu uxhaso lwe-NASA, futhi naphezu kwemizamo kaReagan yokuvusa imisebenzi yasemkhathini, ibhekane nemikhawulo ekutholeni izimali ezengeziwe.
UMongameli Bush uzame ukuqala uhlelo olusha oluhloselwe ukuqhubekisela phambili iNASA eNyangeni naseMars, kodwa wabhekana nokuphikiswa yiCongress.
Ingozi yomkhumbi-mkhathi onguChallenger
Ngokudabukisayo, umkhumbi-mkhathi u-Challenger wanyamalala ngemva nje kwemizuzwana engu-73 usuka ngo-January 28, 1986. Lesi senzakalo esiyinhlekelele saholela ekulahlekelweni yibo bonke abasebenzi abayisikhombisa abanesibindi: uFrancis Scobee, uMichael J. Smith, uRonald McNair, u-Ellison Onizuka, uGregory Jarvis, uJudith. Resnik noChrista McAuliffe.
Ngenxa yale ngozi, izindiza zamiswa izinyanga ezingamashumi amathathu nambili. Ephendula, uRonald Reagan wasungula iKhomishini kaRogers, ikomiti eliyisipesheli elibhekene nokuphenya ngalesi sigameko. Ikhomishana iphethe ngokuthi isiko lenhlangano ye-NASA nokuthatha izinqumo kube nomthelela kule ngozi. Kwatholakala ukuthi kusukela ngo-1977, Izikhulu ze-NASA zaziqaphela iphutha elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwe-rocket booster eqinile ka-Morton Thiokol, ehlobene ngokuqondile nama-O-rings. Nokho, lolu daba alubhekwanga ngendlela efanele.
Izinkinga zesayensi
Cishe i-17% yabantu baseMelika ibe nelungelo lokubona ukwethulwa bukhoma. Izinselele eziningana zesayensi okuhlangatshezwane nazo phakathi nenqubo. Nakuba intuthuko ephawulekayo yentuthuko yesayensi iye yenziwa ezikhathini zamuva nje, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izingozi ezitholakala emkhathini. Umzuzu lapho umuntu edlula ngaphezu komkhathi womhlaba, Abasebenzi bahlale bebhekene nezingozi ze-vacuum, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, nokuchayeka emisebeni.
Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iNyanga idala izinselele ezibalulekile ekuhloleni komuntu. Indawo yayo emagebhugebhu, ephawulwe ngemigodi namadwala, iveza izithiyo ezenza kube nzima ukuhlala endaweni ephephile. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukuthi, ekulungiseleleni ukuhlala kwenyanga okungokomlando, uhulumeni wase-United States utshale izimali ezinkulu, ezibiza izigidigidi zamaRandi, ekuthuthukisweni nasekusatshalalisweni kwamasathelayithi ukuze enze imephu ngokucophelela indawo yenyanga futhi akhombe izindawo ezifanele i-Apollo .
Ngethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezizathu zokuthi kungani singabuyeli eNyangeni.