Enye yezinhlelo zezintaba ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni futhi etholakala eYurophu yilezi Alps. Uhla lwezintaba oluthathwa njengolude kunayo yonke iYurophu futhi ludlulela emazweni ayi-8. Idlula e-Austria, France, Germany, Monaco, Switzerland, Slovenia, Italy naseLiechtenstein. Amazwe eqiniso anezimayini abhekwa njenge-Austria neSwitzerland. Ngalesi sizathu, ibizwa nangokuthi iSwitzerland Alps. Lezi zintaba zithatha indawo ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwamazwe futhi iningi lesiko linomsuka wale ntaba.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, ukwakheka, i-geology, izitshalo nezilwane ze-Alps.
Izici eziyinhloko
Amathafa e-Alpine mahle kakhulu futhi alolonge isiko lamazwe amaningi. Lezi zindawo zikhona ezindaweni eziningi ezisezintabeni nasemadolobheni esifundeni asephenduke indawo ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi. Kulezi zindawo, ukushushuluza eqhweni, izintaba nokuhamba izintaba futhi kunezivakashi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 unyaka ngamunye.
Ezokuqala zitholakala ngokwendawo endaweni engaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-800 eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Isuka esifundeni soLwandle iMedithera iye endaweni yoLwandle i-Adriatic. Kubhekwa njenge-nucleus yezinye izinhlelo zezintaba ezinjengezintaba zeCarpathian ne-Apennine. Phakathi kwazo zonke izintaba zalo asimtholi IMonte Cervino, iMassif del Monte Rosa, neDom, iMont Blanc iyisiqongo sayo esiphezulu, ngenkathi iMatterhorn kungenzeka ukuthi iyisibonga esaziwa kangcono ukwakheka kwayo. Zonke lezi zici zenza i-Alps ibhekwe njengenye yezinhlelo zezintaba ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umsuka wegama le-Alps manje waziwa kahle. Kungavela egameni lesiCeltic elisho ukuthi mhlophe noma mude. Leli gama lisuselwa ngqo egameni lesiLatini elithi Alps, ngokusebenzisa isiFulentshi. Isifunda sonke se-Alps sibe yindawo lapho abantu abaningi bahlala khona kusukela ngePaleolithic esedlule kuze kube namuhla. Ku-will ungabona ukuthi ubuKristu babuzuza kanjani eYurophu nokuthi kwakhiwa izindlu zezindela eziningana ezintabeni. Amanye awo akhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu futhi amadolobha akwazi ukukhula ngakubo.
Umlando usitshela ukuthi i-Alps babhekwa njengesithiyo esinzima ukusinqoba ukufinyelela kwezinye izifunda nezindawo zezenkolo. Babebhekwa njengezindawo eziyingozi ngenxa yamaqhwa amaningi nezindawo eziyimfihlakalo. Kwakusekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lapho ubuchwepheshe bungavumela ucwaningo lokuhlola.
I-Geology ye-Alps
Lonke uhlelo lwezintaba ze-Alps lungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1.200 XNUMX ubude futhi lutholakala ngokuphelele ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Ezinye ze iziqongo zalo zidlula amamitha angu-3.500 1.200 ukuphakama futhi linezinguzunga zeqhwa ezingaphezu kuka-XNUMX XNUMX. Izinga leqhwa lizungeze amamitha angama-2.400 3.500, ngakho-ke lihlala izindawo ezanele zokwenza ukuvakasha kweqhwa. Lezi ziqongo zihlala zimbozwe unomphela ngeqhwa elenza izinguzunga ezinkulu zeqhwa futhi zihlala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-XNUMX XNUMX ukuphakama. Inguzunga yeqhwa enkulu kunazo zonke yaziwa ngokuthi i-Aletsch.
Kubhekwa njenge-nucleus yezinye izinhlelo zezintaba ezinjengezintaba zangaphambi kwe-Alps lapho kutholakala khona i-Jura massif. Ezinye izingxenye zalezi zintaba zinabela ezingxenyeni zeHungary, iSerbia, i-Albania, iCroatia, iBosnia neHerzegovina neMontenegro.
Ngokombono wokuma komhlaba, singahlukanisa lolu hambo lwezintaba lube izigaba: isigaba esiphakathi, esentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Kuzo zonke lezi zingxenye ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene noma iziqeshana zezintaba. Ngokwakheka komhlaba singahlukanisa futhi ne-Alps eseningizimu umkhawulo wayo nezinye izindawo eziyizigodi zaseValtelina, iPusteria neGailtal. ENingizimu-ntshonalanga kukhona amaMaritime Alps aseduze noLwandle iMedithera futhi akha umngcele wemvelo phakathi kweFrance ne-Italy. Eqinisweni, isiqongo seMont Blanc saziwa ukuthi siphakathi kweFrance ne-Italy futhi siqukethe inguzunga yeqhwa ende kunazo zonke eFrance. Ingxenye esentshonalanga ye ingxenye yale ntaba yezintaba inabela eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSwitzerland.
Eminye yemifula ebaluleke kakhulu ezwenikazi laseYurophu, njengeRhone, iRhine, i-Eno kanye neDrava, iqhamuka noma idabule i-Alps igelezele ngaseLwandle Olumnyama, iMedithera neNorth Sea.
Ukwakheka kwe-Alps
Uma kubhekwa ubukhulu bale ntaba, ukwakheka kwayo bekuyingxenye yokulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemicimbi yokwakheka komhlaba. Ochwepheshe be-Geological bacabanga lokho kwathatha cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ukuqonda ubukhulu bazo zonke izehlakalo zokwakheka komhlaba ezadala izintaba zase-Alps. Uma siyinciphisa imvelaphi singabona ukuthi eyokuqala yakhiwa ngenxa yokushayisana okwenzeke phakathi kwamapuleti ama-tectonic ase-Eurasian nawase-Afrika. Lezi zingcwecwe ezimbili zetectonic zidale ukungazinzi kwendawo nokuphakama kwayo. Le nqubo yaqedwa kabili noma ngaphezulu futhi ihlanganisa okwathatha iminyaka eyizigidi eziningana.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yonke le orogeny ekugcineni yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Amapuleti amaTectonic aqale ukushayisana ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi isikhathi se-cretaceous. Ukushayisana kwalezi zingcwecwe ezimbili zethectonic kudale ukuvalwa nokusatshalaliswa kwengxenye enkulu yendawo ehambelana nolwandle iTethys olwalume phakathi kwamapuleti womabili. Ukuvalwa nokuthathwa ngaphansi kwenzeka ngesikhathi se- Miocene futhi i Oligocene. Ososayensi bakwazile ukukhomba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamatshe okwakungokweziqweqwe lwawo womabili amapuleti, yingakho kufakazelwa ukuthi kwaba nokwethuka okukhulu okwanele ukuphakamisa umhlabathi nokwakha lolu hambo lwezintaba. Bakwazile futhi ukuthola ezinye izingxenye zaphansi kolwandle lwakudala okwakungokukaTethys.
Izimbali nezilwane
Inhloso enkulu yezokuvakasha izitshalo nezilwane ngaphandle kobuhle bendawo ebukeka kahle. Kunemvelo yemvelo njengamawa acijile, izigodi, izindawo ezinotshani obude, amahlathi kanye neminye imithambeka emikhulu. Ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kudale amachibi athile ngamanzi azolile athanda ukuthuthukiswa kwezimila nezilwane.
Kunokwehluka okukhulu kulezi zindawo. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivamile zasezintabeni yi-ibex noma imbuzi yasendle yase-Alps. Kukhona nezinye izilwane ezifana nama-chamois, amanqe anentshebe, izimbila, iminenke, amabhu, phakathi kwezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Izimpisi, amabhere kanye ne-lynx zibuyela e-Alps ngemuva kokukhishwa inyumbazana ngenxa yokusongelwa ngabantu. Lokhu sekuphinde kwaba yinto yokuhlala kangcono kubo ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwezinye izikhala zemvelo.
E-flora sithola izindawo eziningi ezinotshani namahlathi asezintabeni anenqwaba yemipayini, ama-oki, ama-firs nezinye izimbali zasendle. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zasendle ezingaba ngu-30.000.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezintaba ze-Alps.