Enye yezintaba ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni ngokubhekwa njengokuhlukaniswa kwezwekazi phakathi kwezwekazi lase-Asia ne-Europe yi izintaba ze-caucasus. Ingenye yezintaba eziphakeme kunazo zonke eYurophu futhi ineziqongo eziningana ezidlula amamitha angu-4.000 ukuphakama. Uhla lwezintaba lutholakala kulesi sifunda esiphakathi koLwandle Olumnyama noLwandle iCaspian. Le ndawo yonke inezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezilimi namasiko njengoba bekuyindawo yomhlangano yokuhweba phakathi kwabantu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2.000 XNUMX edlule.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela zonke izici, imvelaphi, ukwakheka nokwakheka kwezintaba zaseCaucasus.
Izici eziyinhloko
Amazwe ayisithupha anezintaba ezithile ezindaweni zawo: iGeorgia, i-Armenia, i-Iran, iTurkey, i-Azerbaijan neRussia, ngaphezu kwe-Autonomous Republic of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ayaria, Adygea, Ingushetia, Kabardia-Balkar, Karachay-Cherkesia, Nakhichevan nase North Ossetia . Imithambeka eseningizimu yezintaba iphethwe yi-Armenia, iGeorgia ne-Azerbaijan, futhi imvelaphi yazo yobuhlanga nezilimi yehluke kakhulu.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, izinhlanga ezahlukahlukene kanye nabantu abancane belwela inkululeko noma ukuzibusa, okwenza indawo igcwale izinkinga ezinkulu nezimpi. Ngesikhathi sempi yeCaucasus yango-1817 kuya ku-1864, uMbuso WaseRussia wanamathela ezindaweni eziningana ezisenyakatho, futhi ukuthula akunakuqinisekiswa nanamuhla.
Uhla lwezintaba, yize ukuphakama kwalo kungaphikisana nokwe-Alps. Ngokwesilinganiso, iziqongo zazo zivame ukuphakama, phakathi kwamamitha angu-2.000 no-3.000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezintaba ezingaphezu kuka-20 eCaucasus eziphakeme kuneMont Blanc, intaba ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Alps. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isiqongo esiphakeme kunazo zonke ezintabeni zaseCaucasus yiMount Elbrus, emi cishe ngamamitha angu-5.642 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba kweCaucasus
Lesi simiso sezintaba sisuka eningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu siye e-Asia sisuke ogwini olusempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama siye oLwandle iCaspian, sisuka empumalanga siye entshonalanga. Ububanzi bayo buyahlukahluka, kuze kufike kumakhilomitha angama-160. Ukuphakama kobubanzi bezintaba kuyanda kusuka emaphethelweni, futhi kusengxenyeni emaphakathi lapho iziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu zitholakala khona, kufaka phakathi iNtaba i-Elbrús.
Ihlukaniswe ngokwendawo yaba yiGreater Caucasus enyakatho neLittle Caucasus eningizimu. IGreater Caucasus yingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke kanye nobubanzi bezintaba ezinkulu kulo lonke uhlelo. Isuka eNhlonhlweni yaseTaman iye e-Absheron Peninsula oLwandle iCaspian futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu: i-Western Caucasus, i-Middle Caucasus ne-Eastern Caucasus. IGreater Caucasus neLaucasus eNcane zihlukaniswe ukucindezeleka kweTranscaucasus, okuyisigodi esilinganayo esinobubanzi obungamakhilomitha ayi-100, uxhuma ugu lolwandle olumnyama nolwandle iCaspian Sea.
Isimo sezulu saseCaucasus
Isimo sezulu nezimo zesimo sendawo kwenza iningi lezintaba zalo libe yincithakalo kune-Alps. Izindawo eziseduze noLwandle Olumnyama zinomswakama omningi; ngokungafani, uLwandle lweCaspian olomile lwenza indawo yaseMpumalanga ibe nesimo sezulu esomile noma esiwugwadule. Ezintabeni ezisentshonalanga isimo sezulu siba ngaphansi komhlaba, ngakho-ke izimo zezulu empumalanga nasentshonalanga empeleni ziphikisana.
Kukhona izinguzunga zeqhwa entshonalanga naphakathi. Ulayini weqhwa ngokuvamile uqala phakathi kwamamitha ayi-2.800 3.000 no-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, iLaucasus Encane ayinazo izinguzunga zeqhwa njengeGreater Caucasus. Izintaba ezincane ezihlukanisa ukucindezelwa kweTranscaucasia zakha umgoqo phakathi kwezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene zasempumalanga nentshonalanga. ICaucasus Encane ixhunywe neGreater Caucasus ngokusebenzisa Izintaba zeLittle Lich, ehlukaniswe empumalanga noMfula iKura.
Ukuziqeqesha
Lezi zintaba zindala kakhulu. Iningi lamadwala lisukela kuCretaceous naseJurassic, futhi ukuphakama okuphezulu kakhulu yi-Precambrian. Njengezintaba eziningi emhlabeni, zakhiwa ukushayisana kwamacwecwe ama-tectonic; kulokhu, kusuka kumacwecwe ase-Arab nase-Eurasia.
Konke lokhu kuqale ngenkathi ama-Arabhu eqala ukuthuthela enyakatho aze ashayisana nocwecwe lwase-Iranian futhi noLwandle lwaseTethys luvaliwe. Ukunyakaza kuqhubeke isikhathi esithile kwabe sekushayisana ne-plate yase-Eurasia, eyaphakamisa uqweqwe ngenxa yengcindezi enkulu eyayiphakathi kwabo. Izintaba zeGreater Caucasus zaqala ukwakheka futhi nezintaba zeLittle Caucasus zagcina sezakhiwe.
E-Cenozoic, intaba-mlilo iLittle Caucasus yayisebenza. Ngaphandle kwezintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa e-Absheron Peninsula, izintaba-mlilo ezisekhona kule ndawo seziphelile.
Izimbali nezilwane
Ngenxa yokuthi iWestern Caucasus inesimo sezulu esishisayo, izimila ziminyene kakhulu kunalezo zaseMpumalanga Caucasus. Ngokuvamile, kunezingwadule, izindawo ezinotshani, izimfunda eziphakeme, amaxhaphozi namahlathi aseduze kwezintaba. Ngokwe-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 XNUMX zezitshalo emahlathini axubekile, okungaphezulu kwe-1,500 okuyizitshalo ezikhona, ezingaphezu kwama-vertebrate angama-700 kanye nezingenamgogodla ezingama-20,000 XNUMX. I-Western Caucasus ingenye yezindawo ezimbalwa ezisezintabeni eYurophu ezinethonya elincane lomuntu, lapho kungabonwa khona imvelo ehlukahlukene, phakathi kwayo kunezindawo eziphakemeyo zotshani zase-alpine nezingaphansi komhlaba ezihlala ezilwaneni zasendle kuphela.
Ehlathini layo, kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 XNUMX, ze okungaphezulu kwe-1,500 okuyizitshalo ezikhona kuphela. Amafulethi endemes ahlukile kuleyo ndawo futhi awatholakali kwenye indawo. Yilezi zitshalo ezinikeza inani elengeziwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalezi zintaba ngoba ziyizinhlobo ezikhethekile zalemvelo. Lezi yizitshalo ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zimo zemvelo ezihlukile futhi azikwazi ukutholwa kwenye indawo.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, lezi zintaba zinomlando omningi kanye nengcebo, ngakho-ke, ngezinye zezinto ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngeCaucasus, izici zayo nezimbali nezilwane.
I-CAUCASUS ISIFUNDA SASE-EUROASIA