Isimo Sezulu sase-Antarctic

I-Antarctica iyizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni kanye nezwekazi eliseningizimu kakhulu (eningizimu kakhulu). Eqinisweni, isikhungo sayo sendawo sitholakala eSouth Pole of the Earth. Indawo yayo cishe ngokuphelele (98%) imbozwe yiqhwa kuze kufike ku-1,9 km ubukhulu. I Isimo sezulu sase-Antarctica Icutshungulwe ngokuningiliziwe ukuze kuqondwe yonke into etholakala kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nesimo sezulu sase-Antarctica, ukuvela kwayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo emhlabeni.

izwekazi eliyiqhwa

Njengoba sikhuluma ngendawo ebanda kakhulu, eyome kakhulu futhi enomoya kakhulu emhlabeni, impilo evamile e-Antarctica cishe ayinakwenzeka, ayinabo abantu bomdabu. Igcwele kuphela imihlangano yokuhlola yesayensi eyahlukene (cishe abantu abayi-1.000 kuya ku-5.000 unyaka wonke) enezisekelo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo, ngokuvamile e-Antarctic Plateau.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyizwekazi elisanda kutholwa. Yaqala ukubonwa itilosi laseSpain uGabriel de Castilla (c. 1577-c. 1620) ehlobo eliseningizimu ngo-1603. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwekhulu le-1895, lapho imikhumbi yokuqala yaseNorway ifika ogwini ngo-XNUMX.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama layo livela ezikhathini zasendulo: laqala ukusetshenziswa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle (384-322 BC) cishe ngo-350 BC. Encwadini yakhe ye-Meteorology, waqamba lezi zifunda ngokuthi "ezibheke enyakatho" (ngakho-ke igama layo lisuselwa kwelesiGreek elithi antarktikós, "ebheke eNyakatho Nephole").

Izici ze-Antarctica

I-Antarctica inezici ezilandelayo:

• Ubuso bezwekazi bukhulu kune-Oceania noma i-Europe, futhi iyizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, elinendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-14, okungamakhilomitha-skwele angu-280.000 kuphela angenalo iqhwa ehlobo kanye ne-17.968 km2 ogwini.
• Iqembu elikhulu leziqhingi liyingxenye yendawo yalo, enkulu kunazo zonke i-Alexander I (49.070 km²), iBerkner Island (43.873 km²), iThurston Island (15.700 km²) kanye neCany Island (8.500 km²). I-Antarctica ayinabo abantu bomdabu, ayikho izwe, futhi ayinakho ukuhlukana kwezindawo, nakuba ifunwa izizwe eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene: i-New Zealand, i-Australia, i-France, i-Norway, i-Great Britain, i-Argentina, ne-Chile.
• Indawo yase-Antarctic ilawulwa yiSivumelwano sase-Antarctic, esebenza kusukela ngo-1961, evimbela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuba khona kwezempi, ukukhishwa kwezimbiwa, ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu nokulahlwa kwezinto ezikhipha imisebe, kanye nokunye ukusekelwa kocwaningo lwesayensi nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile.
• Inamadiphozithi amaningi angaphansi kweqhwa njenge-Onyx (32 km ubude) noma iLake Vostok (14.000 km2 ebusweni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifunda siqukethe u-90% weqhwa Lomhlaba, eliqukethe u-70% wamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni.
• I-Antarctica iyisifunda esiseningizimu kakhulu eMhlabeni, ngaphakathi kwe-geographic South Pole kanye ne-Antarctic Circle, ngaphansi kwe-Antarctic Convergence Zone, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-latitudes 55° kanye no-58° eNingizimu. Izungezwe ulwandle i-Antarctic kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya eduze nolwandle lwasePacific kanye neNingizimu ye-Atlantic, futhi itholakala kuphela kumakhilomitha ayi-1.000 ukusuka ekugcineni eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika (Ushuaia, Argentina).

Isimo Sezulu sase-Antarctic

I-Antarctica inesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Izinga layo lokushisa eliphansi kunawo wonke laso sonke isikhathi liphinde libe eliphansi kunawo wonke arekhodiwe emhlabeni wonke (-89,2 ° C), futhi izifunda zakhona ezisempumalanga zibanda kakhulu kunezifunda zasentshonalanga ngoba ziphakeme. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lonyaka ebusika kanye nengaphakathi lezwekazi ngokuvamile cishe -80 ° C, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lonyaka ehlobo nasezindaweni ezisogwini licishe libe ngu-0°C.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyindawo eyome kakhulu eMhlabeni futhi amanzi awuketshezi ayivelakancane. Izindawo zakhona ezingaphakathi zinemimoya embalwa enomswakama futhi yomile njengogwadule oluyiqhwa, kuyilapho izindawo zalo ezisogwini zinemimoya eminingi enamandla, evumela ukukhithika.

Umlando wokwakheka komhlaba we-Antarctica waqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-25 edlule ngokuhlakazeka kancane kancane kwezwekazi elikhulu laseGondwana. Kwezinye izigaba zempilo yayo yakuqala, yabhekana nendawo esenyakatho kakhudlwana kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo noma esishisayo ngaphambi kokuba i-Pleistocene ice age ihlanganise izwekazi futhi yaqothula izitshalo nezilwane zayo.

Ingxenye esentshonalanga yezwekazi iyafana nezintaba zase-Andes, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukuphila ezindaweni ezingasogwini eziphansi. Ngokuphambene, isifunda esisempumalanga siphakeme futhi sinethafa elisenyakatho endaweni emaphakathi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Antarctic Plateau noma i-Geographic South Pole.

lokhu ukuphakama inweba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-1.000 ukuya empumalanga, enesilinganiso sokuphakama esingamamitha angu-3.000. Indawo yayo ephakeme kakhulu yiDome A, ingamamitha angama-4093 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.

Izilwane zasendle zase-Antarctic

Izilwane zase-Antarctica ziyindlala, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezilwane eziphila emhlabeni, ezithanda iziqhingi ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ezingenamgogodla ezifana tardigrades, izintwala, nematodes, krill kanye namagciwane ahlukahlukene.

Imithombo eyinhloko yokuphila kule ndawo itholakala ezindaweni eziphansi nasogwini, kuhlanganise nezilwane zasemanzini: imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, imikhomo ebulalayo, ama-squid noma ama-pinnipeds (njengama-seal noma amabhubesi olwandle). Kukhona nezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamaphengwini, okugqama kuzo i-emperor penguin, inkosi penguin kanye ne-rockhopper penguin.

Abaningi abasayina iSivumelwano sase-Antarctic banezisekelo zocwaningo lwesayensi ezwenikazi. Ezinye zisebenza unomphela, zinabasebenzi abashintshayo, kanti ezinye ezesizini noma zasehlobo, lapho amazinga okushisa nesimo sezulu kungenasihluku esingako. Inani lezisekelo lingahluka unyaka nonyaka, likwazi ukufinyelela izisekelo ezingama-40 ezivela emazweni angama-20 ahlukene. (2014).

Izisekelo eziningi zasehlobo ngezaseJalimane, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, United States, France, India, Japan, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Russia, Poland, South Africa, Ukraine, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Spain, Ecuador, Finland, Sweden, Pakistan, Peru. Izisekelo zasebusika zaseJalimane, Argentina naseChile zihlala e-Antarctica phakathi nobusika obushubile.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nesimo sezulu sase-Antarctica nezici zayo.