Lapho sikhuluma nge- ipuleti tectonics theorySithi uqweqwe lomhlaba luhlukaniswe ngamacwecwe e-tectonic ahlukene. Lokho kungukuthi, kuzingxenyekazi zezwekazi nezasolwandle okuyisisekelo sakho konke ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo. I- Ipulatifomu yezwekazi kungumkhawulo woqweqwe lwamazwekazi. Okungukuthi, kuthiwa kuwo wonke umhlaba wangaphansi kwamanzi osukela ogwini kuze kube khona ukweqa okungaphansi kwamamitha angama-200. Le ndawo inenqwaba yezilwane nezilwane, yingakho inenani elikhulu kwezomnotho ezindaweni.
Kule ndatshana, sizochaza konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana neshalofu lezwekazi nokubaluleka kwalo.
Incazelo yeshalofu lezwekazi
Kuyinto eyodwa ukuthi, uma sikhuluma ngokwendawo, ake sithi ingenye ingxenye yocezu lwethectonic esizithola sikulo. Umehluko ukuthi ingaphansi kwamanzi nalezi zimo benza kube nokwenzeka ukufaka inani elikhulu lezidalwa eziphilayo. Lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zenza lokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane nezitshalo ngaphansi kolwandle kwandisa izinsiza ezikhona kubantu.
Ngakho konke lokhu, ukuxhashazwa kwamaminerali namatshe kuyasetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke ukuthi, kwezomnotho, kungenzeka wazi futhi uchaze ukuthi liyini ishalofu lezwekazi, ngo-1958 iGeneva Convention yenze incazelo kwesinye sezindatshana zayo. Ngaphansi komthetho, ishelufu lezwekazi liyipulatifomu engaphansi kwamanzi ezungeze amazwekazi ezwekazi ngokujula okuphakathi kwamamitha ayi-200, okunikezwe ithambeka eliphansi lifinyelela ebangeni elijwayelekile lamakhilomitha angama-90.
Umkhawulo wangaphandle wesikhulumi esishiwo kufanele ube noshintsho olubukhali emthambekeni ukukhombisa ukuphela. Ngemuva kwalolu shintsho, sithola indawo yolwandle engenalo inani elifanayo lezomnotho. Okufanele sikubalule ukuthi le micimbi inikeze ohulumeni ikhanda. Ulayini lapho ushintsho losizo lubizwa khona ngokuthi ithambeka lezwekazi.
Umthetho-sisekelo uguqule le ncazelo ebalulwe ngenhla ngonyaka we-1982. Lapha kwathiwa ishelufu lombuso lasezwenikazi lakhiwe kusukela embhedeni kanye nangaphansi komhlaba ongaphansi kolwandle olungaphesheya kolwandle lwalo kanye nolwandiswayo yemvelo yensimu yayo emaphethelweni angaphandle omkhawulo wezwekazi, noma ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-200 nautical ukusuka ekuqaleni kolwandle lwendawo.
Izingxenye zeshelufu lezwekazi
Lezi zincazelo ezintsha zinikeze imiqondo edingekayo ukuze kungabikho maphutha lapho kuxhashazwa imithombo yemvelo yamanje. Ngalokhu konke, ishelufu lezwekazi lingahlukaniswa ngokuphelele libe izingxenye ezimbili: umkhawulo wezwekazi nomthambeka wezwekazi.
Imajini yezwekazi
Le ngxenye yokuqala yileyo embozwe kukho konke ukunwetshwa okucwiliswe ezweni lezwekazi. Iqukethe kakhulu i- umbhede nomhlabathi ongaphansi kwendawo engaphansi kwamanzi, umthamo kanye nendawo yokukhuphuka kwezwekazi. Kodwa-ke, le ngxenye yonke ayihlanganisi ulwandle olujule kakhulu ngale kwalapho esijule khona ngamamitha ayi-200. Ipulatifomu inqunyelwe ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu nezikude ngebanga lelo akuvamile ukweqa amamayela angama-350 nautical ukusuka kolayini wolwandle.
Yonke indawo lapho kutholakala khona imithombo yemvelo yokuxhashazwa kanye nomnotho igxunyekwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapha, impilo yasolwandle ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene, yingakho iningi lokudoba kwenzeka lapha. Ukuphuma olwandle uyodoba kubiza kakhulu, akusebenzi kangako futhi kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokubuya kwezomnotho libalulekile uma sikhuluma ngenzuzo yemikhiqizo.
Hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi sithola izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile njengezimbali nezilwane, kepha futhi sinezindawo lapho kutholakala khona ikota yazo zonke izinqolobane zikawoyela negesi zomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, Akujwayelekile ukuthi kuvulwe amarigri kawoyela enza izinto zawo ezindaweni ezitholakala eshalofini lasezwenikazi. Inkinga yalokhu yimithelela ebangelwa lokhu kukhishwa kukawoyela empilweni yasolwandle. Izinhlobo eziningi zisongelwa ngomsindo wezinkampani zikawoyela, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukuqhekeka nokonakala kwezindawo zokuhlala, njll. Imvamisa, okuhlinzeka ngomnotho kuqeda imvelo.
Umthambeko wezwekazi
Le enye ingxenye yeshalofu lezwekazi Yisifunda esingaphansi kwamanzi esitholakala phakathi kwamamitha ayi-200 ukujula namamitha ayi-4000 ngaphansi kolwandle. Emthambekeni singathola izinguquko ezibalulekile kuyo yonke i-morphology yendawo nokukhululeka. Into ejwayelekile kakhulu ukubuka izigodi, izintaba nezihosha ezinkulu ngaphakathi kolwandle. Ukudilika komhlaba kungabonakala nasemithambekeni esentshonalanga njengoba kuvele ngenxa yokuqoqwa kweziduli eziningi ezibekwe yimifula evela emazweni aseduze.
Impilo yezilwane nezitshalo kule ndawo inzima kakhulu. I-biomass iyancipha kwazise ukujula lapho ikhona kungavumeli ilanga ukuthi lifinyelele kubo futhi banganda. Kuyo yonke le ndawo emthambekeni wezwekazi kunendawo yolwandle efinyelela kumamitha angama-4000 ukujula. Lapha umthamo ojwayelekile uvame ukuba phakathi kwama-5 no-7 degrees, yize kwezinye izindawo kungafinyelela kuma-degree angama-25 futhi kudlule ngisho nama-50 degrees.
Ngokwe-surface, singathola izindawo eziphakathi kuka-8 no-10 km ubude futhi kuze kufike ku-270 km.
Ukubaluleka kwezomnotho
Akumangazi ukuthi ohulumeni baye balwa kanzima abangakwazi ukuxhaphaza lezi zindawo futhi bahlomule ngokomnotho kuzinsizakusebenza zabo. Phakathi kobuningi bezimila zasolwandle ezisetshenziselwa izimonyo, ikhemisi, imithi, njll. Izilwane zokubuyiselwa, ukulungiswa kwezitsha, inzalo ethunjiwe, amathangi ezinhlanzi, umhlaba wokudoba, njll. Futhi izinsizakusebenza zamandla ezinjengeoyili noma izinqolobane zegesi yemvelo, sithola ipulatifomu enothe kakhulu kuzinsizakusebenza zazo zonke izinhlobo.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ishalofu lezwekazi libaluleke kakhulu kunalokho elingavela egameni lalo futhi ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngalo.