Democritus kwakuyisazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esasiphila cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC. Wazalelwa e-Abdera, idolobha elisogwini lwase-Aegean endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iGreece. Wayeyisazi sezibalo nesazi sefilosofi okwathi, kanye noLeucippus waseMiletus, benza umnikelo omkhulu kusayensi yesimanje nge-athomu theory.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokuthutha, i-biography yakhe kanye nezenzo zakhe.
I-Biography
UDemocritus wayevela emndenini ocebile futhi wathola imfundo enhle ngezibalo, umculo, izinkondlo nefilosofi. Ubhekwa njengenye yezandulela zomcabango wesayensi nefilosofi yemvelo. Ithiyori yakhe eyinhloko yayisekelwe embonweni wokuthi yonke into ekule indawo yonke yakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi la ma-athomu angunaphakade, awahlukaniseki, futhi awabonakali.
U-Democritus wayemncane kunoProtagoras, umuntu wakubo odumile owake wakhuluma naye, futhi ngokusho kwemithombo enegunya, uDemocritus wafa cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Ngokusobala wenza uhambo olude lokufunda e-Egypt nase-Asia. Kodwa-ke, asazi lutho ngaye, noma ngobuhlobo bakhe nabalandeli bakaPythagoras, indawo yase-Athene kanye nodokotela uHippocrates, ngoba imithombo yasendulo isitshela kuphela ngoDemocritus. Ngokungafani noHeraclitus, isiko limpenda njengesazi sefilosofi esihleka usulu ubuwula bomuntu.
UDemocritus waphinde wavikela umbono wokuthi indawo yonke ishintsha njalo nokuthi yonke into yayihamba. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lwalutholwa ngokubuka nangokuhlangenwe nakho nokuthi iqiniso lilinganiselwe.
Naphezu kweqhaza lakhe elikhulu emcabangweni wefilosofi, UDemocritus akazange abe nokuqashelwa okuningi ngesikhathi sakhe njengezinye izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoPlato noma u-Aristotle.. Nokho, ifa lakhe liye laqashelwa emlandweni wefilosofi nakusayensi yesimanje.
Imodeli ye-athomu kaDemocritus
Imodeli ye-athomu yiyona emele kakhulu lo sosayensi. Lezi izisekelo zemodeli ye-athomu ye-Democritus:
- Ama-athomu awahlukaniseki ngokomzimba.
- Kukhona isikhala esingenalutho phakathi kwe-athomu ngayinye.
- Ama-athomu awabhubhi.
- Ama-athomu alokhu enyakaza.
- Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-athomu.
Ngenxa yalezi zimangalo, Izazi zefilosofi zikholelwa ukuthi amandla ezinto ezibonakalayo ancike ezinhlotsheni zama-athomu azenzayo kanye nezibopho phakathi kwalawo ma-athomu. Ngakho bacabanga ukuthi ama-athomu asemanzini ahlukile kulawo asedwala, ngokwesibonelo.
Ukuchaza imodeli yakhe, uDemocritus uhlukanisa itshe, okusho ukuthi uma ulisika phakathi, uzothola amatshe amabili afanayo, futhi uma uqhubeka nokuphindaphinda lo msebenzi, uzothola itshe elihlukile phakathi kwetshe kuze kube iphuzu lapho. ayisafani. Le yunithi yaziwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Kungabonakala ukuthi imodeli iyimishini ngokuphelele futhi ibheka kuphela isibopho phakathi kwama-athomu.
Nokho, imodeli yayipholile ngaleso sikhathi, futhi kwathatha iminyaka engu-2200 XNUMX ukuze imodeli elandelayo ye-athomu ihambisane nomphakathi wesayensi. I-Democritus ithathwa njengoyise we-athomu, futhi nakuba iyimodeli yakudala kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nalokho esikwaziyo njengamanje, isondela ngokumangazayo egalelo lemodeli esikholelwa ukuthi ilungile njengamanje.
Le modeli iyathakazelisa ikakhulukazi uma sicabanga ukuthi ivela kuzazi zefilosofi ezingakwazi ukuhlola njengososayensi banamuhla. Umqondo wathathwa kamuva kakhulu.
ithiyori ye-athomu
UDemocritus nothisha wakhe uLeucippus babengabadali balo mqondo. Leli qembu lezazi zefilosofi zamaGreki lasungula isikole sefilosofi esaziwa ngokuthi i-athomu, esasigomela ngokuthi yonke into yakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili, ama-athomu nokungabi nalutho. Nakuba le modeli ingokwefilosofi ngokuphelele futhi ingenasisekelo ku-physics, iyisilinganiso esihle kakhulu. Ukubheka izinto ezahlukahlukene, izazi ze-athomu zikholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zama-athomu anezikhala eziguquguqukayo phakathi kwazo. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu zinezinhlobo ezahlukene zomumo.
Enye i-thesis eyinhloko ye-athomu ukuthi ama-athomu awahlukaniseki ngokomzimba, nakuba ehlukaniswa ngokwejometri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-athomu awabhubhi futhi ahlala enyakaza. Nakuba iDemocritus ne-athomu kwakwamukelwa ngesikhathi sakhe, kwakukhona izazi zefilosofi ezivelele ezazingavumelani nezimpikiswano zakhe.
Ukungqubuzana noPlato
Kungenzeka ukuthi u-Plato wayenezingxabano zomuntu siqu noDemocritus, njengoba wayefuna ukuthi yonke imibhalo yakhe isuswe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano zefilosofi ngokumelene naye. Kunalokho, umfundi kaPlato, U-Aristotle, nakuba ayengavumelani nemibhalo kaDemocritus, wayazi ukuthi ingaba khona. U-Aristotle wathi izakhi eziyisisekelo umhlaba, umlilo, umoya namanzi azenziwanga ngama-athomu. Nakuba izimpikiswano zakhe zaziphikisana ngokucacile ne-athomu kaDemocritus, kuhlanganise nabo encwadini yakhe ibonisa ukuthi izazi zefilosofi zamaGreki eziphakeme zazithatha i-athomu njengento ebaluleke kakhulu.
Kamuva, ezinye izazi zefilosofi, ezinjengo-Epicurus nomfundi wakhe uLucretius, zabuyela ku-athomu, kodwa ngezinguquko ezithile. UDemocritus wayeneminyaka engama-90 ubudala futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi wafa cishe ngo-370 BC. Nakuba ezinye izazi-mlando zingavumelani futhi zithi waphila kwaze kwaba ngu-104 noma ngisho no-109 BC. Kungakhathaliseki usuku lokufa kwakhe, uDemocritus wayethandwa ososayensi bayo yonke imivimbo ekhulwini le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX, abahlatshwa umxhwele ukufana phakathi kwemisinga yakhe yefilosofi kanye nokutholwa kokuqala kanye nemibono ye-athomu.
Imisebenzi ye-Democritus
Imisebenzi kaDemocritus ayivamile ukuhlengwa futhi kunzima ukwazi ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ye-athomu ehambelana naye nokuthi yini eyadalwa uthisha wakhe uLeucippus waseMiletus, emibhalweni eminingi kubhekiselwa kubo njengabadali bethiyori. Nokho, izazi zefilosofi ezibalulekile zangaleso sikhathi ezinjengoPlato noma u-Aristotle zazikhuluma kakhulu ngoDemocritus. Nakuba lungekho ulwazi oluningi, kulungile ukusho ukuthi kwakukhona enye yamanje kuma-athomu ezikhathini zasendulo, eNdiya, isikole sefilosofi saseVaisha kanye neJainism sasinombono we-athomu ofana nokaDemocritus.
Njengoba ubona, namuhla sinolwazi olukhulu mayelana nama-athomu ngenxa yobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthuka kwesayensi. Nokho, kuyamangaza ukuthi uDemocritus wayenombono onjalo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-2.000 XNUMX edlule. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-biography ye-Democritus nokuthi yayiyini imisebenzi yakhe.