EPeru kukhona amasiko abaluleke kakhulu kodwa angaziwa kakhulu ezwekazini laseMelika. Imayelana I-Caral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseMelika, manje esigubha iminyaka engu-25 yambiwa. Kutholakale izindawo eziningi zokuvubukula kuleli dolobha eziqukethe ulwazi oluningi ngomlando womuntu.
Ngalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi ngeCaral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseMelika, izici zalo kanye nokutholakele.
I-Caral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseMelika
E-Caral, idolobha elimatasa kakhulu ezwenikazi laseMelika, kunezindawo eziningi ezingamahektha angama-66 eValle Supere ogwini olusenyakatho-maphakathi nePeru. Ingenye yezimpucuko ezinkulu kakhulu eMelika, kanye nempucuko eyakha, isiko lamaCaral, Ibhekwa njengempucuko endala kunazo zonke ezwenikazi laseMelika.
Umnotho weCaral usekelwe kwezolimo nokudoba endaweni ebizwa ngechweba laseSupe ogwini lwasePacific. Kulesi sifunda, izindawo zokuhlala ezincane zaqala ukukhula ngokushesha phakathi kuka-3000 B.C. C. kanye 2700 a. C., futhi lezi zindawo zokuhlala zazisebenzisana futhi zashintshisana ngemikhiqizo phakathi kwazo futhi ngisho nabanye abantu abakude kakhulu. kwakhiwa imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kuka-2700 no-2550 BC idolobha elikhulu laseCaral lakhiwa, indawo yezakhiwo ezinkulu. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izikhungo ezintsha zasemadolobheni zaqala ukuvela e-Super Valley kanye ne-Pativelka Valley eseduze, phakathi kuka-2550 no-2400 BC. Umthelela wesiko laseCaral ufinyelele enyakatho yePeru, ukusuka eVentarrón, eLambayeque noma kwezinye izindawo eziseningizimu njengoba kukhonjisiwe esizeni, njengezigodi zaseChillón, Rímac, Asia…
ikhono elithuthukisiwe
AbakwaCarals babengumphakathi othuthukile yathuthukisa ulwazi olukhulu lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe futhi yadlulisela lolu lwazi kwamanye amasiko angomakhelwane. Abahlali emadolobheni abiyelwe ngezindonga noma benze izikhali, kodwa bahwebelana ngezinsiza, izimpahla nolwazi nabantu abahlala ezintabeni nasemahlathini. Ngokufanayo, bahlangana ne-Spondylus, i-mollusk ejwayelekile emanzini ashisayo e-Ecuador, eyadlala indima ebalulekile emiphakathini yase-Andean, futhi bathola i-sodalite, i-mineral evela eBolivia eyaze yakhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha zaseChile ngokungcwaba izingane. Abafileyo basetshenziswa ngendlela yesiko laseCuervo eliphakamisa ukuthi i-Caral yayihlobene namanye amasiko ayekude ngokwendawo.
Ukubaluleka kweCaral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseMelika, kubonakala kuzakhi zalo zezakhiwo, ezingokomfanekiso -futhi zamukelwa ngamanye amasiko-: amaplaza ayindilinga acwile, ama-niches, iminyango enamakholomu amabili, ubuchwepheshe bokulwa nokuzamazama komhlaba, amapulatifomu anezitebhisi. Kuyinkimbinkimbi yasemadolobheni eyakhiwe ngamabhilidi ahlukene. Ayinayo indawo ebiyelwe futhi ibekwe phezu kwethala eliyivikela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ezingase zibe khona.
Idolobha laseCaral alinayo indawo ebiyelwe ngezindonga futhi lisesiteji esilivikela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo. Kusele amaphiramidi ayisithupha, ngalinye linesitebhisi esimaphakathi ne-altare elinomlilo ophakathi nendawo. Izakhiwo zazakhiwe ngamatshe nezinkuni zezihlahla eziwile. Imibhoshongo eyisithupha iye yasinda, ngayinye inezitezi ezimaphakathi ezibheke enkanyezini ethile. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zazine-altare elinomlilo phakathi nendawo (isiyingi noma i-quadrilateral) namapayipi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze adlulise amandla omoya. Kuzokwenziwa imikhosi yenkolo kulezi zakhiwo, kuhlanganise nokushiswa kweminikelo konkulunkulu. Kodwa ezinye zezakhiwo ezigqama kakhulu amaplaza ayo ayizindilinga amabili angaqondakali, aphambi kwezakhiwo ezimbili ezimise okwephiramidi. Cishe futhi ihlobene nemikhosi yenkolo.
inhlekelele yemvelo
Abavubukuli basebenze ezindaweni eziyi-12 zalesi siko ngenhloso yokuqonda uhlelo lwezenhlalo lwempucuko yeCaral nokuthi lwashintsha kanjani phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka, bathola udumo nentuthuko enkulu kwaze kwaba yilapho ingena enkingeni futhi yawa ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okumangalisayo. i-Supe Valley eningi yaba yizwe lezindunduma nesihlabathi, okuthonywe isomiso esithathe isikhathi eside, izimo eziholele ekushiyweni kwezindawo zasemadolobheni. Ushintsho, imiphumela yalo eye yaba inhlekelele. Abavubukuli baye babona uchungechunge lwezenzakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, kuhlanganise nokuzamazama komhlaba nezimvula ezinamandla eyakhukhula itheku lendawo yokudoba.
Kuphinde kwaba nesomiso esibi kakhulu esathatha amashumi eminyaka: Umfula iSupe woma futhi amasimu agcwala isihlabathi. Ekugcineni, ngemva kokuqeda indlala ehlukahlukene nebhubhisayo yale mpucuko ekhazimulayo, iCaral namadolobha azungezile. Bashiywa ngabo-1900 BC, bengazi ukuthi kwenzekani ngezakhamuzi zabo.
Izikhumbuzo zaseCaral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwekazini laseMelika
Phakathi kweminyaka engu-3000 no-2500 BC, izakhamuzi zaseCaral waqala ukwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezincane endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi isifundazwe saseBarranca, ukuxhumana nomunye nomunye futhi kushintshisana ngemikhiqizo nempahla edayiswayo. Yilapho lapho kwaqala khona ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo esisha esikhulu sedolobha, lapho kwakhiwa khona amaplaza ayisiyingi abalulekile kanye nezindonga zomphakathi eziyipiramidi ezazisebenza njengezikhungo zemikhosi. Kulezi zakhiwo, abantu babekhulekela onkulunkulu futhi bashise iminikelo njengophawu lokwazisa.
Phakathi nokuba khona kwabo, leli siko lakha imisele, izinsalela ezibonisa ukuthi basebenzisa kanjani isimo sezulu nemithombo yamanzi. Ngalezi zakhiwo bayakwazi ukuqondisa umoya ukuze amanzi ageleze aye endaweni ephansi kakhulu futhi angasetshenziselwa imisebenzi yasekhaya.
Thola le nzuzo yemvelo Kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuphila kwansuku zonke.. AmaPuquios (“iziphethu” ngesiQuechua) akhiwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zalesi sigodi njengamadamu okulawula amanzi.
Umnotho kaCaral usekelwe kwezokudoba nezolimo. Ngokwalolu cwaningo, bahweba ngekotini nezinhlanzi eziphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni neminye imiphakathi yase-Andean nase-Amazonian. Uhwebo lokuhwebelana lwenziwa namanye amasiko angathuthukile ahlala esifundeni sase-Andean.
Esinye isici sikaCaral kwakuwulwazi lwakhe olubanzi lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, olwadluliselwa kwamanye amasiko angomakhelwane. Le ntuthuko ibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwamasu amasha ezolimo, njengemisele eshiwo ngenhla. Ngokufanayo, kunobufakazi bokuthi le mpucuko kungenzeka ihlele ibutho elazakhela izikhali.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda okwengeziwe ngeCaral, idolobha elidala kunawo wonke ezwenikazi laseMelika.