Amaxesha amaninzi sijonga esibhakabhakeni kwaye sibona iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni zisasazeke emajukujukwini. Nangona kunjalo, kukho abantu abangazi kakuhle zithini iinkwenkwezi ngendlela yesayensi. Sichaza inkwenkwezi njengendawo enkulu yothuli kunye negesi edibana nendalo iphela kwaye ikhanya iyodwa. Oko kukuthi, yinkwenkwezi enkulu ye-incandescent ekhupha ukukhanya kwayo kwaye ibonakala esibhakabhakeni njengendawo yokukhanya.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iinkwenkwezi, zeziphi iimpawu zazo eziphambili kunye nendlela ezakhiwe ngayo.
Zithini iinkwenkwezi
Kukho igumbi lomzimba wasezulwini owaziwa njenge-incandescent kwaye unokukhanya kwawo. Ayikhuphi ukukhanya kuphela kodwa ikwashushu. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu leenkwenkwezi, inani elipheleleyo elikhona kwindalo iphela alaziwa ngokuchanekileyo. Kuba nathi asibazi ubungakanani bendalo iphela, asinokwazi ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zingaphi iinkwenkwezi ezikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye zezona ngcali zinobuchwephesha zichonge uninzi lwazo kwaye zenza uqikelelo lwento yonke.
Ukufumana umbono malunga nenani elipheleleyo elinokubakho isibhakabhaka siza kusebenzisa iteleskopu ephucukileyo. Ngolu hlobo lweeteleskopu esinokufikelela kuzo Jonga ngaphezulu kweenkwenkwezi ezibhiliyoni ezi-3.000 kwisibhakabhaka esibonakalayo. Oku kwenza ukuba inani elipheleleyo leenkwenkwezi libe kude kakhulu nokuchaneka.
Inkwenkwezi yokutya kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu yodwa eyenza inkqubo yelanga. Imalunga nelanga. Yiyo eqinisekisa ubomi kwiplanethi yethu njengoko sisazi. Ezinye iinkwenkwezi ezikufutshane neplanethi yethu zezenkqubo I-Alpha Centauri ibekwe kumgama weminyaka eyi-4.37 yokukhanya.
Iimpawu zeenkwenkwezi
Nje ukuba sazi ukuba ziintoni iinkwenkwezi, siya kuzazi iimpawu zazo. Zizidalwa zasezulwini ezidityaniswe ikakhulu yihydrogen kunye ne helium. Ngokwesiqhelo sZihlala ziphakathi kweminyaka eli-1 ne-10 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala. Ngokunikwa ukwakheka kunye neempawu zabo, ayizizo imizimba enokuhanjiswa okufanayo kwindalo iphela. Ngokwesiqhelo zonke ezi nkwenkwezi zihlala zidibana ukuze zenze iminyele. Kule miqolo ziqulathe uthuli kunye negesi kwaye yiyo yonke le nto idibanisa amaqela eenkwenkwezi.
Kukho ezinye ezibekelwe bucala kwaye ezinye zilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo ngenxa yokutsalwa komxhuzulane. Ezi nkwenkwezi zidibene kunye nenye ziyeza ukwenza iinkqubo eziyinyani. Kukho iinkwenkwezi ezithile ezibini. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkwenkwezi yenziwe ziinkwenkwezi ezimbini ezincinci. Kuba maninzi amaqela eenkwenkwezi, sikwabona ukuba kukho iinkqubo ezininzi. Ezi nkqubo zininzi ziqulathe ukwakheka kweenkwenkwezi ezi-2 nangaphezulu. Ezi nkqubo zinokuba kathathu, zine, zine, kunye nokunye.
Olunye uphawu kukuba zikhupha imitha ngenxa yenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukudibana kwenyukliya. Le nkqubo yenzeka xa iiathom ezibini ze-hydrogen zidibana ukwenza i-atomic nucleus entsha. Oku kusabela kwenyukliya kuya kuba nomdla omkhulu ebantwini nakwindlela eyilwa ngayo amandla. Nangona kunjalo, amandla amakhulu kunye nobushushu ziyafuneka ekwakhiweni kwazo. Ngenxa yokuveliswa kwale nkqubo, imitha ye-electromagnetic iveliswa kwaye ilungele ukukhupha ukukhanya kunye nokuvelisa amandla.
Umbala uxhomekeke kubushushu nakumaleko angaphandle. Ukubanda kweenkwenkwezi, kokukhona kuya kubonakala kubomvu ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, ezo nkwenkwezi zishushu zikhupha umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Nje ukuba sazi ukuba ziintoni iinkwenkwezi, kufuneka sazi ukuba zinesiqalo kunye nesiphelo. Umba owenza ukuba uguqulwe ube yenye into nje ukuba bawugqibile umsebenzi wabo. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, eyona ixhaphakileyo kukuba iinkwenkwezi ziphakathi kweminyaka eyi-1 kunye ne-10 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala.
Uqeqesho
Baninzi abantu abangazaziyo ukuba ziintoni iinkwenkwezi, kodwa nangaphantsi kwabo bazi ukuba zenziwa njani kwaye zitshatyalaliswa njani. Rhoqo kuthethwa ngokuzalwa kwakhe kwinkwenkwezi, ukuba ibingumntu ophilayo. Ukwenziwa kweenkwenkwezi yinkqubo enokuthi ishwankathelwe ngendlela elula. Emva kobukho belifu lothuli kunye negesi ngaphakathi komnyele, iinkwenkwezi ziyenziwa. Amafu othuli kunye negesi zii-nebulae ezidadayo kwindalo iphela. Kwimeko apho kukho uhlobo lwesiphithiphithi ngaphakathi kwe-nebula, nokuba kungenxa yokungqubana nenye i-nebula, kwenzeka uhlobo oluthile lomsitho, kwayeIrhasi kunye nothuli ziyawa phantsi komtsalane wazo.
Ukuqondwa ngcono, ukuba inkwenkwezi yenze, i-hydrogen, i-helium, kunye ne-stardust kufuneka ziqale ukutsala enye nenye. Njengoko i-nebula ijikeleza, iba ncinane kwaye ezi zinto ziyatsala. Njengoko oku kusenzeka, iziko le-nebula liba noxinano oluphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ngeli xesha ke baqala ukukhanya. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwa, i-nebula ifumana indawo eshushu kwaye iqokelele uthuli kunye negesi ngeenxa zonke. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye zezinto ezikhoyo zenze iiplanethi, ii-asteroids kunye nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini. Kodwa, ukuba yonke imicimbi esembindini ifikelela kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuze i-fusion yenyukliya yenzeke kwaye amandla akhululwe, kuya kuzalwa inkwenkwezi.
Izazinzulu ziqikelele ukuba ubushushu obufunekayo inkwenkwezi inokuzalwa nge-15 yezigidi zeedigri Celsius. Iinkwenkwezi ezisencinci nezisandula ukwenziwa zibizwa ngokuba ziiprotostars.
Zithini iinkwenkwezi: indaleko
Okokugqibela, sele sizazi iinkwenkwezi ukuba ziyintoni kwaye siza kwazi ukuba yintoni ukuvela kwazo. Umjikelo wobomi beenkwenkwezi waziwa njenge-stellar evolution. Inamanqanaba alandelayo:
- Iiprotostars: yiyo eyaqala ngayo ukuzalwa kwayo.
- Inkwenkwezi ngokulandelelana okuphambili: Eli linqanaba lalo lokukhula kunye nozinzo.
- Iphelisa i-hydrogen kwiziko layo: Apha ukudibana kwenyukliya kuyayeka kwaye i-nucleus iqala ukuwa ngaphakathi kwayo kwaye ishushu. Indaleko inokuthatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima benkwenkwezi. Ezinkulu kwaye ezinkulu ngakumbi, zifutshane bubomi bonke.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neenkwenkwezi kunye neempawu zazo.