Los ziikristale zomkhenkce Bebesoloko beyinto ephononongwa zizazinzulu zinikwe imilo yazo ekhethekileyo kunye neyothusayo. Ukuba sizijonga phantsi kwemakroskopu sinokubona ukuba zinemilo yejometri emangalisayo kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuba kutheni ezi milo zejometri ziveliswa kwindalo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi izigqibo zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene neekristale zomkhenkce kwaye yintoni efunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
ukubunjwa kweekristale zomkhenkce
Imilo elinganayo kakhulu ibangelwa kukukhula kwedama, apho amanzi afakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiikristale zomkhenkce kwaye aphuphume. Kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma, Iikristale zomkhenkce zinokuphuhla ukusuka kwiiprism zokuqala ezine-hexagonal ngeendlela ezininzi ezilinganayo. Iimilo ezinokwenzeka zeekristale zomkhenkce ziyi-columnar, i-naliti-shaped, i-plate-shaped, kunye ne-dendritic. Ukuba i-crystal ifudukela kummandla weemeko ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo, indlela yokukhula ingatshintsha kwaye i-crystal yokugqibela ingabonisa iindlela ezixubileyo.
Iikristale zomkhenkce zikholisa ukuwa ngeezembe zazo ezinde ezilungelelaniswe ngokuthe tye, kwaye ngaloo ndlela zibonakala kwiirada zemozulu zepolarimetric ezinexabiso eliphuculweyo (elilungileyo) elibonakalisa umahluko. Ukulayishwa kwekristale yomkhenkce kunokubangela ulungelelwaniso ngaphandle kokuthe tye. Irada yemozulu epholileyo inokubona kakuhle iikristale zomkhenkce ezihlawuliswayo. Amaqondo obushushu kunye nokufuma kumisela iintlobo ezininzi zeekristale ezahlukeneyo. Iikristale zomkhenkce zinoxanduva lokubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwe-atmospheric.
Amafu anomkhenkce enziwe ngeekristale zomkhenkce, ngakumbi amafu e-cirrus kunye nenkungu eqhaqhazelis' amazinyo. Iikristale zomkhenkce kwi-troposphere zibangela ukuba isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza sijike sibe mhlophe kancinci, nto leyo enokuba luphawu lokusondela ngaphambili (kunye nemvula) njengoko umoya ofumileyo unyuka kwaye uqina ube ziikristale zomkhenkce.
Kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo, iimolekyuli zamanzi ziyi-V kwaye ii-athomu ezimbini ze-hydrogen ziboshwe kwii-athomu ze-oksijini kwi-engile ye-105 °. Iikristale zomkhenkce eziqhelekileyo zine-symmetrical kunye ne-hexagonal
Xa zixinaniswe phakathi kweeleya ezimbini zegraphene, iikristale zomkhenkce ezisikweri zenza kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Izinto eziphathekayo yisigaba esitsha sekristale ye-ice edibanisa kunye nezinye ii-ices ze-17. Uphando lulandela ngokufunyaniswa kwangaphambili ukuba umphunga wamanzi kunye namanzi alulwelo unokudlula kumaphepha e-laminated graphene oxide, ngokungafaniyo neemolekyuli ezincinci njengehelium. Kucingelwa ukuba esi siphumo siqhutywa yimikhosi ye-van der Waals, enokubandakanya uxinzelelo olungaphezu kwe-10.000 emoyeni.
izifundo kwiikristale zomkhenkce
Ukulinganisa okwenziwa kwi-supercomputer ye-MareNostrum e-Barcelona ngabaphandi abavela kwi-CSIC kunye neYunivesithi yaseComplutense yaseMadrid baye baqinisekisa ukuba isitshixo sokukhula okungaqhelekanga kweekristale zomkhenkce silele kubume bawo.
Umphezulu womkhenkce unokuba kwizizwe ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuphazamiseka. Ukudlula ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye kudala utshintsho olukhawulezileyo amazinga okukhula njengoko amaqondo obushushu enyuka kwaye achaze iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ithiwe tyaba, i-hexagonal, okanye zombini) ukusuka kumkhenkce okanye iikristale zekhephu emoyeni.
Isitshixo solu tshintsho oluthile lwekristale kunye nokukhula kubume bawo obuphezulu. Uphononongo olwenziwa ngabaphandi uLuis González MacDowell ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseComplutense yaseMadrid (UCM), u-Eva Noya ovela kwi-Rocca Solano Institute of Physical Chemistry (IQFR) yoMkomishinala oPhakamileyo woPhando lwezeNzululwazi kunye noPablo Llombart kumaziko omabini abonisa oku. . Eli nqaku lapapashwa kwiphephancwadi i-Science Advances.
UGonzález MacDowell uthi: “Isizathu solu tshintsho besiyimfihlelo kude kube ngoku,” utshilo uGonzález MacDowell, ekhumbula ukuba umphandi waseJapan u-Ukichiro Nakaya wafumanisa ngeminyaka yoo-1930 ezona crystals zincinane zomkhenkce, ezibizwa ngokuba luthuli lwedayimani, ezimile njengeprism enehexagonal. Ezi prism zinokuba mcaba, njengelozenji, okanye zolule, njengepensile okanye iprism enehexagonal, kwaye zinokuguquka ukusuka kwimilo enye ukuya kwenye kwiqondo lobushushu elithile.
Ukulinganisa
Abaphandi baqaphela ukuba kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, umphezulu womkhenkce wawugudileyo kwaye unocwangco. Xa iimolekyuli zomphunga zingqubana nomphezulu, abanakuyifumana indawo yokugxalathelana ukungena kwaye bakhuphe umphunga ngokukhawuleza, eyenza ukukhula kwekristale kucothe kakhulu.
Kodwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, umphezulu womkhenkce uphazamiseka ngakumbi, unamanyathelo amaninzi. Iimolekyuli zomphunga zinokufumana lula indawo yazo kumanyathelo kwaye iikristale zikhula ngokukhawuleza.
"Siye saqaphela ukuba olu tshintsho aluzange lube ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa lwenzeka ngenxa yenguqu ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-topological transition. Kodwa eyona nto yenza umkhenkce ungaqhelekanga kukuba ngequbuliso, xa iqokobhe langaphandle lekristale linyibilika, umphezulu uba mde kwaye umdaka kwakhona,” utshilo uNowa.
Xa iphinda igudile kakhulu, ukukhula kwekristale kuya kucotha kakhulu kwicala lekristale, kodwa hayi kwelinye icala. Ngequbuliso ezinye zikhula ngokukhawuleza, ezinye zikhula kancinci, kwaye ukumila kweekristale kuyatshintsha; njengoko uNakatani waphawulayo kuvavanyo kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-90 eyadlulayo.
Ukulinganisa kwi-MareNostrum
Ngenxa yokuba umkhenkce uyinto enzima ekufuneka ifundwe kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokulinga ngenxa yokunyuka kwayo ngokukhawuleza, ukulinganisa kuye kwenziwa kwiinyanga ezisibhozo kwikhompyuter enkulu eSpain, iMareNostrum (BSC-CNS).
“Umsebenzi wokubala uye wasenza sabona indlela yemolekyuli nganye yamanzi eyenza ikristale; kodwa ke, ukwenza ikristale encinci, sifuna amakhulu amawaka eemolekyuli, ngoko ke inani lokubala elifunekayo ukwenza olu phononongo likhulu kakhulu. utsho uLlombart Say.
UGonzález MacDowell ugqibe kwelokuba ezi ziphumo "zinomdla kakhulu, kodwa uphando lwezenzululwazi luhlala lufuna ukuqinisekiswa ngokubalo okutsha kunye nokuqinisekiswa. Ngaphandle kwesi silumkiso, siyavuya kuba iinzame zethu zivelise iziqhamo ezibangela umdla, kuba kuthathe iinzame ezininzi ezingaphumeleliyo zokufumana inkxaso-mali.”
Ukongeza, ikhemisti ikhumbula ukuba iikristale zekhephu ezisemoyeni zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubushushu behlabathi: “Ukuqonda impembelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kufuneka siqonde ukumila kwayo kunye nesantya sokukhula. Ke ukuqonda kwethu ngcono kusivumela ukuba sibeke esinye isiqwenga kwipuzzle yezigidi zeedola. "
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neekristale zeqhwa kunye neempawu zabo.
Imixholo enomdla kwaye engakholelekiyo ukuba indalo yethu ngumama iyakuxabiswa, kuba isinika ulwazi oluyonwabela ukucinga ... Kumnandi kakhulu ukujonga iikristale zomkhenkce ezifana nomsebenzi wobugcisa ... Imibuliso