I-volcano sisakhiwo sejoloji apho i-magma inyuka ivela ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Ezi zihlala zinemvelaphi yazo kwimida yamacwecwe etektoni, aziziphumo zokuhamba kwawo, nangona kukho iindawo ezibizwa ngokuba ziindawo ezishushu, oko kukuthi, iintaba-mlilo ezibekwe apho kungekho ntshukumo khona phakathi kwamacwecwe. Ukwazi zenzeka njani iintaba-mlilo Kuyinto enzima ngakumbi kwaye, ke, siza kuyicacisa kweli nqaku.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba zenziwa njani iintaba-mlilo, le yiposti yakho.
Njani iintaba-mlilo
I-volcano kukuvuleka okanye ukuqhekeka kuqweqwe lomhlaba apho kukhutshwa i-magma okanye udaka lwentaba-mlilo ngaphakathi embindini womhlaba ngohlobo lwelava, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, kunye negesi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ukuhlala kweentaba-mlilo kuneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo:
- Iintaba-mlilo ezinemida yelizwekazi: Xa inkqubo yokuthimba isenzeka, amacwecwe olwandle (ubuninzi obuphezulu) athoba iipleyiti zelizwekazi (zincinci). Kwinkqubo, izinto ezikhutshiweyo ziyanyibilika kwaye zenza i-magma, ekhuphuka ngokuqhekeka kwaye ikhutshelwe ngaphandle.
- I-volcano yasemanzini olwandle oluphakathi: I-volcano eyenziweyo xa iitectonic plates zahlula-hlula kwaye zenza ukuvulwa apho i-magma eveliswe kwisambatho esingaphezulu iqhutywa yimisinga yolwandle eqhelekileyo.
- Iindawo ezinentaba-mlilo eshushu: Iintaba-mlilo eziveliswa kukunyuka kweentsika zemagma ezinqumle umhlaba ziqokelelele elwandle ukuze zenze iziqithi (ezinje ngeHawaii).
Iimeko zoqeqesho
Ngokubanzi, singatsho ukuba iintaba-mlilo zinokuba neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezithile zokwakheka kwazo (ezinje ngendawo okanye inkqubo ngqo), kodwa imiba ethile yokwakheka kwentaba-mlilo sisiseko sayo yonke loo ntaba-mlilo. I-volcano yenziwe ngolu hlobo:
- Kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, imagma yenzeka ngaphakathi emhlabeni.
- Khwela encotsheni yomhlaba.
- Iphuma ngokutyhoboza kuqweqwe lomhlaba nangomngxuma omkhulu ngohlobo lokuqhuma.
- Izinto ezenziwe nge-Pyroclastic ziyaqokelelana kumphezulu womhlaba ukwenza eyona ntaba-mlilo iphambili.
Icandelo lentaba-mlilo
Nje ukuba i-volcano ivele, sifumana iindawo ezahlukeneyo eziyenzayo:
- Umngxuma: Kukuvula okubekwe phezulu kwaye yiyo apho kugxothwa udaka, uthuthu kunye nazo zonke izinto zepyroclastic. Xa sithetha ngezinto ze-pyroclastic sibhekisa kuzo zonke iziqwenga zelitye elingenantaba-mlilo, iikristali zamaminerali ahlukeneyo, njl. Zininzi iikreraf ezahluka ngokobukhulu nangokwakheka, nangona eyona ixhaphakileyo yeyokuba zirhangqiwe kwaye zibanzi. Kukho ezinye zeentaba-mlilo ezine-crater engaphezulu kwesinye.
- Ibhoyila: lelinye lamacandelo entaba-mlilo ahlala edidekile. Nangona kunjalo, luxinzelelo olukhulu olwenzeka xa intaba-mlilo ikhupha phantse zonke izinto ezivela kwigumbi layo le-magma kuqhushumbo. I-caldera idala ukungazinzi ngaphakathi kwe-volcano yobomi esilela kwinkxaso yayo yolwakhiwo.
- Ikhoni yenyikima: kukuqokelelwa kwelava eqinayo njengokuba ipholile. Kananjalo inxenye yesikwere sentaba-mlilo zonke ii-pyroclasts ezingaphandle kwe-volcano eziveliswa kukuqhuma okanye kuqhushumbo ekuhambeni kwexesha.
- Ukuqhekeka: ziifissure ezenzeka kwiindawo apho kugxothwa khona umlingo. Zili-slits okanye iintanda ezinobume obudibeneyo obunika umoya ngaphakathi kwaye kwenzeka kwiindawo apho i-magma kunye negesi zangaphakathi zigxothelwa ngaphezulu.
- Iziko lomlilo: Ngumjelo ohambelana negumbi elinomtsalane kunye nomngxuma odibeneyo. Yindawo yentaba mlilo apho udaka lwentaba-mlilo lwenzelwa ukugxothwa kwalo. Okungakumbi, kwaye iigesi ezikhutshwayo ngexesha lokuqhuma zidlula kule ndawo.
- IDykes: Zizinto ezingenamsebenzi okanye ezenza umtsalane ezime okwe-tube. Zidlula kumaleko asematyeni akufutshane zize zomelele xa amaqondo obushushu esihla.
- Idome: Kukuqokelelana okanye kwenduli elenziwa lolahleko olubonakalayo kwaye efumana imilo ejikelezayo. Olu daka lujiye kangangokuba alukwazanga ukushukuma kuba amandla okuxubana anamandla emhlabeni.
- Igumbi Magmatic: Inoxanduva lokuqokelela i-magma evela ngaphakathi kuMhlaba. Ihlala ifumaneka kubunzulu obukhulu kwaye idipozithi egcina ilitye elityhidiweyo elaziwa ngokuba yimagma.
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo
Kuxhomekeke kwisenzo esihamba rhoqo apho iintaba-mlilo zinokugqabhuka khona, sinako ukwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaba-mlilo:
- I-volcano esebenzayo: ibhekisa kwintaba-mlilo enokuqhuma nangaliphi na ixesha kwaye ikwimo yokulala.
- Iintaba-mlilo ezingasebenziyo: Babonisa iimpawu zomsebenzi, ezibandakanya i-fumaroles, imithombo eshushu, okanye ezo bezilala ixesha elide phakathi kogqabhuko-dubulo. Ngamanye amagama, ukuthathelwa ingqalelo kungasebenzi, kufanele ukuba kudlule iinkulungwane ukusukela oko kuqhambuka kokugqibela.
- Intaba-mlilo engapheliyo: Amawaka eminyaka kufuneka adlule ngaphambi kokuba intaba-mlilo igqalwe njengeyiphelileyo, nangona oku kungaqinisekisi ukuba iya kuvuka ngaxa lithile.
Njani iintaba-mlilo kunye nokuqhuma kweefom
Olu dubulo yenye yeempawu eziphambili zeentaba-mlilo, ezisinceda ukuba sizihlele size sizifunde. Zintathu iindlela ezahlukileyo zokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo:
- Ukuqhuma kweMagma: Irhasi kwi-magma ikhutshwa ngenxa yoxinzelelo, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni koxinano, olwenza ukuba i-magma iqhume phezulu.
- Ukuqhambuka kwephromaomagmatic: Kwenzeka xa i-magma inxibelelana namanzi ukuze ipholile, xa oku kusenzeka, i-magma inyuka ngokuqhuma ngaphezulu kwaye i-magma iyaqhekeka.
- Ukuqhambuka kwesifo: Yenzeka xa amanzi adibene nemagma ethe aphuma, njengoko umba ojikelezileyo kunye namasuntswana ephuma ngumphunga, yimagma kuphela ehleliyo.
Njengoko ubona, iintaba-mlilo zintsonkothe kakhulu kwaye zihlala zifundwa zizazinzulu ukuzama ukuqikelela ukuqhuma kwazo. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ezenziwa ngayo iintaba-mlilo kunye neempawu zazo.