Ngaphakathi kwisayensi esiyaziyo njenge geology kukho amasebe ahlukeneyo enza nzulu ukufundwa kwenxalenye yeplanethi yethu. Elinye lala masebe ngu yokwakheka komhlaba. Lisebe le-geology elihambelana ngqo nengqeqesho ye-geological ejongene nohlalutyo lobume bomhlaba, amatye kunye ne-geotechnics. Lisebe elibaluleke kakhulu lezenzululwazi ngokwenzululwazi yokuma komhlaba ukuze likwazi ukuqonda imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka kweedipozithi kunye nendlela eyakhiwe ngayo imo yomhlaba wangoku.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-geology yolwakhiwo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ulwakhiwo lwejoloji lubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lobunjineli boluntu kuba sisiseko seeprojekthi zokwakha izakhiwo, iibhlorho, amadama, iindlela, njl. Y Isebenza njengesixhobo sokuthintela kunye nokunciphisa kulawulo lomngcipheko wejoloji.
Ulwakhiwo lwe geology lolunye olubandakanya zonke iinkqubo kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nemikhosi yetectonic ekhoyo kumhlaba womhlaba. Siyakhumbula ukuba ipleyiti yetectonics ithiyori isixelela ukuba uqweqwe lomhlaba lwenziwe ngamacwecwe etektoni ahamba ixesha enkosi Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga yengubo yomhlaba.
Ulwakhiwo lwejoloji lusekwe kubume bomhlaba okanye kommandla othile. Hlaziya ukuphakanyiswa kwamagqabi, ulungelelwaniso kunye nezinye izinto zeetekonic. Ikwahlalutya nokusilela okukhoyo kwiitectonic plates ndibulela kumatye akhoyo. Iyakwazi ukuqonda zonke izinto ze-tectonic ezikhoyo kwicandelo, nokuba kungenxa yeempazamo okanye amalungu, phakathi kwabanye.
Ndiyabulela kwi-geology yolwakhiwo, ulwazi olukhulu lunokufundwa malunga nazo zonke iinkqubo kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nemikhosi yeetekonic. Zonke izakhiwo zejoloji zihlalutywe ngokukodwa ukucacisa isenzo semikhosi eyahlukeneyo ejolise kwimbali yejoloji. Olu hlalutyo luxabiseke kakhulu kwisayensi kwaye lunokunceda ekujongeni nasekuvavanyeni. Kwaye kukuba iidipozithi ezininzi zifuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinxalenye yendawo emiselweyo yetekoniconi yokwenza.
IGeotechnics ikwayindawo ebalulekileyo kubume bejoloji. Isekwe kuphando lomgangatho weliwa. Oko kukuthi, indlela elophuka ngayo iliwa okanye indlela yokuziphatha kwamatye aqhekekileyo. Ezi mpawu zibaluleke ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezemigodi okanye lokumba itonela, kuba kufuneka ukuba kwenziwe uphando oluneenkcukacha lokuba ingaba iliwa liyakwazi ukuxhasa imisebenzi kwaye lihlala lizinzile. Isifundo kufuneka senziwe ukuvavanya umngcipheko wokuwa.
Ukubaluleka koxinzelelo kulwakhiwo lwejoloji
Xa sithetha ngemizamo sibhekisa kumandla asetyenziswa kwindawo ethile elulwalweni. La mandla anokuvela iiarhente zejoloji uxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye lweeteknoloji. Iyunithi yokulinganisa esetyenziswe kwezi meko yikilogram kwisentimitha yesikwere.
Kuxhomekeke kubume bezi zixinzelelo zisetyenziswayo, inokuchongwa kwiindidi ezintathu: uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo kunye nokucheba.
- Ucinezelo: luxinzelelo apho amatye ephantsi khona xa ecinezelwe yimikhosi ejolise ngqo komnye kumgca omnye. Xa oku kusenzeka ngokwendalo, kuthanda ukusika kwicala loxinzelelo ngokwenziwa kweefolda ezahlukeneyo okanye iimpazamo. Oku kuxhomekeke ekuziphatheni kweliwa, nokuba li-ductile okanye li-brittle.
- Uxinzelelo: Uxinzelelo lokuqina sisiphumo semikhosi esebenza kumgca omnye kodwa kumacala ahlukeneyo. Umzamo usebenza elulwalweni ukwandiswa nokuzahlula.
- Izicheba: ngumzamo owenza ngokufanayo kodwa kwicala elichaseneyo. Olu hlobo loxinzelelo lubangela ukusombuluka ngokufuduswa kwiinqwelomoya ezikufutshane. Uxinzelelo oluninzi lokucheba ziziphumo zenyikima.
Ukubaluleka kokuguqulwa kwamatye kulwakhiwo lobume bomhlaba
Elinye icandelo elibalulekileyo xa usenza izifundo zejoloji kukujikwa kwamatye. Uguquko lusetyenziswa njengegama elibhekisa kutshintsho olunokubangela kuzo zombini imilo kunye nobungakanani belitye. Olu tshintsho luza ngenxa yemizamo esetyenzisiweyo. Ngolu xinzelelo lusetyenzisiweyo, iliwa liyakwazi ukwaphuka okanye lenze isibaya.
Ukujika kwelitye kuya kuba xa amandla omzamo mkhulu kunokuba ukuxhathisa okunokubonelelwa lilitye.
Iimeko kunye nemeko apho ukwakheka kwamatye kwenzeka khona kwahluka kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba banokufunyanwa ukusuka kumanqanaba omhlaba ukuya kuthi ga ngoku Iikhilomitha ezingama-40 ubunzulu. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezisebenza kule nkqubo yejoloji zihlala zixinzelelo kunye neemeko zobushushu apho ezi nkqubo zikhula khona. Ukuze siqonde kwaye sitolike iimeko zokwakheka kolwakhiwo ngalunye lwejoloji, kubalulekile ukuba siyidibanise nenqanaba lolwakhiwo, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba kukuma komhlaba.
Inqanaba lolwakhiwo yinxalenye nganye kuqweqwe apho iindlela eziphezulu zentsika yedwala zihlala zinjalo. Oko kukuthi, inqanaba lekota lelinye elibhekisa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo ebekelwe bodwa. Ukuba sijonga umphezulu weplanethi yethu njengomda ophezulu kwaye senze iziko leplanethi owona mmandla unzulu, kukho amanqanaba amathathu olwakhiwo.
- Inqanaba lokwakha eliphezulu: Ibekwe kumphezulu womhlaba kwaye isebenza njengesalathiso ngoxinzelelo olusezantsi kunye nobushushu. Apha amatye anokuziphatha okungalunganga kwaye iimpazamo zibalasele.
- Inqanaba lolwakhiwo oluphakathi: ibekwe kwinqanaba lesabelo ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya kwi-4.000 yeemitha. Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu kukuguqa kwamatye ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo okanye i-ductile. Izibhengezo nazo ziyimpawu.
- Inqanaba lesakhiwo esisezantsi: Iqwalaselwa njengezinga le-metamorphism kwaye iphakathi kwe-4.000 kunye ne-10.000 yeemitha ubunzulu. Awona manqanaba aphezulu obume beli nqanaba lubalasele ngokutyibilika kwamatye ngaphambili nangaphezulu kobuchwephesha. Njengoko singena nzulu, asifumani ubukhulu bezinto ezihamba ziqulethe iifolda ezihamba kunye nescityity kunye nefoliation.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokwakheka komhlaba.