Xa sisiya entsimini okanye sibona iziphene kwindawo, sithetha ngegama lesiqabu. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni ukukhululeka okanye kweziphi iinkalo ekufuneka zisetyenziselwe ukuba kusenzelwa ntoni kwi-geology. Uncedo luyinto eyimfuneko kakhulu kubomi bomntu kwaye inzululwazi yejoloji iphonononga isiqabu kwiimeko ezininzi.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni isiqabu, ziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kumntu.
yintoni ukukhululeka
Uncedo luphawu olubalaseleyo lomphezulu onezinto ezahlukeneyo. Ezona mpawu zejografi zomphezulu womhlaba ziintaba, amathafa kunye namathafa.
Uncedo lukwayafana neengozi zejografi. Ezi ziganeko zithatha uhlobo lwezitenxo kunye ne-inhomogeneities kwi-ecosystems yasemhlabeni okanye yasemanzini, ebonelela ngokuguqulwa kweendawo ezithile kwaye, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuthungwa.
Uncedo lubalulekile kuphononongo lwemozulu, izityalo nezilwanyana. Ukubonakala kwabo emhlabeni kunokuba ngenxa yeenkqubo zangaphakathi zoMhlaba, ukuziphatha kwendalo okanye ukungenelela kwabantu. Ezinye iimpawu zejografi, ezifana iintaba, iintlambo, iinduli namathafa, inokuchazwa ngezinto ezifana nokukhukuliseka kwexesha elide, umxhuzulane kunye nemozulu. Ngokunjalo, igama elithi isiqabu lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kubuchule bokukrola kwihlabathi lobugcisa.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Nje ukuba siyazi ukuba yintoni isiqabu, siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili:
- Esi sisiphumo seenkqubo zejoloji.
- Inokuba nezizathu ezingapheliyo okanye zangaphandle.
- Isenokuba yelizwekazi okanye yaselwandle.
- Ingabonakalisa ngokudakumba okanye ukuphakama.
- Bukho kuwo wonke umhlaba.
- Guqula imozulu yendawo.
- Iphononongwa yi-geomorphology.
- Zinokwahluka ngenxa yokungenelela kwabantu.
- Ichaphazela indlela yokuphila ye-ecosystem kunye nabemi bayo bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana.
Imizekelo yoncedo lwejografi
Eyona mizekelo imeleyo ye-terrestrial reliefs yile:
- Imilomo. Imiphakamo engaphezulu kwe-1000 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle idla ngokudityaniswa kunye. Umzekelo: iMount Everest ekwiHimalaya okanye iAconcagua kwiiAndes.
- Ithafa. Ukuphakama kweflethi okubangelwa yi-tectonic movement okanye ukhukuliseko. Umzekelo: iGran Pajonal ePeru okanye iMeseta Central eSpain.
- Ngokucacileyo. Umhlaba onobude obuncinane kunye nezitenxo ezimbalwa. Uninzi lwezi luphuma kumlambo okanye ukhukuliseko lwendalo. Umzekelo: iDogo Plain eJapan okanye iGulf Coast Plain eMexico.
- iintaba Iqela leentaba ezidibeneyo ezidla ngokuba neencopho. Umzekelo: iiAlps ezikuMbindi Yurophu okanye kwiiRocky Mountains eUnited States.
- Iintlambo Ukudakumba emhlabeni phakathi kweentaba okanye iindawo eziphakamileyo, zihlala nomlambo okanye indlela yamanzi. Ngokomzekelo: iGreat Rift Valley eAfrika okanye iCalchaquí Valley eArgentina.
- I-Colinas. Umphakamo ungaphantsi kweentaba kwaye umphezulu ungqukuva. Umzekelo: iNtaba yeZiyon eYerusalem okanye iConnors Knob eOstreliya.
- Iisarha. Iqela leendawo eziphakamileyo ezincinci kunoluhlu lweentaba, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo inxalenye yalo. Umzekelo: iSierra de Ayllón eSpeyin okanye iAndes eArgentina.
Iintlobo zoncedo
Ngokwejografi, iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zoncedo zinokuhlukaniswa:
- isiqabu kwilizwekazi. Inxalenye yomhlaba ephuma phezu komphakamo wolwandle. Umzekelo: iintaba, amathafa, amathafa, iintaba, njl.
- Uncedo lolwandle. Inxalenye yomhlaba ephantsi komphakamo wolwandle. Umzekelo: ii-seamounts, imisele, amathafa abyssal, njl.
I-Topography kunye nemozulu zizinto ezimbini kuyo yonke imbonakalo yomhlaba. Imozulu iqondwa njengeqela leempawu ze-atmospheri kwindawo ethile, ezenziwe ngamasuntswana afana nobushushu, ukufuma kunye nokuphakama.
Omnye wemiba emisela imozulu yommandla yimbonakalo yelizwe. Oku kubonakala ikakhulu kwiindawo ezinobude obuphezulu, ekubeni ubude butshintsha iimpawu ezithile zemozulu. Ezintabeni, umoya ungqubana nezi zakhiwo zide zize zinyuke, nto leyo ebangela ukuba zilahlekelwe ngubushushu zize zivelise imvula.
Iintaba nazo zenza isigqubuthelo esithintela imimoya kunye nezihlwele zomoya ezivela kummandla wolwandle, ngaloo ndlela zitshintsha iimeko zemozulu yendawo ejikelezileyo.
uncedo lwelizwekazi kunye nolwandle
Ukukhululeka kwelizwekazi yinxalenye ephuma kumphezulu womhlaba ngokunxulumene nomphakamo wolwandle. I-Topography ye-Continental inokuboniswa ngendlela yeentaba, amathafa kunye neempazamo, kunye namaqela eentaba zamandulo, eziye zakha iintlambo, ii-depressions, iiplateaus, amawa, ama-canyons, iindunduma kunye neentaba eziphakamileyo kunye nobukhulu obahlukeneyo.
Ukongeza, i-Topography yonxweme, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yelizwekazi elidibana nolwandle, likwabonisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo. Kule meko, inokuthatha imo yeliwa phezulu kunye nolwandle ezantsi.
Isiqabu solwandle ziinxalenye zomhlaba ezintywiliselwe ngamanzi olwandle. Ukusuka elunxwemeni, umhlaba uqala ukuhla ukuya kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yithambeka lelizwekazi. Emazantsi elwandle, i-Topography iyafana nomphezulu wolwandle olusakhulayo, ebonisa iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ezinjengeentaba, ezaziwa ngokuba ziinduli ezisembindini wolwandle, kunye namathafa anzonzobila, oko kukuthi, amathafa angaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-2.000.
Ukongezelela, le mizobo yenza iintlambo okanye imisele, njengeMariana Trench, eyaziwa ngobunzulu obumalunga neemitha ezili-11.000 XNUMX.
Yintoni ebangela ukukhululeka komhlaba?
Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zamandla adlala indima ekwenziweni komhlaba:
- inkqubo endogenous. Zezo nkqubo zenzeka ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Ukuhamba kunye nokungqubana kwamacwecwe e-tectonic yenye yezona zinto zibangela ukukhululeka okufana nokuqhekeka okanye iintaba phezu komhlaba.
- inkqubo exogenous. Iinkqubo zangaphandle zezo zenzeka kumphezulu woMhlaba. Iinkqubo eziphambili ziquka ukhukuliseko, olubangelwa ubukhulu becala yimiba yemozulu, kunye nokuhamba kunye nokubekwa kwezinto ezibangelwa zizizathu zendalo okanye imisebenzi yabantu.
Njengoko ubona, ukukhululeka kuyinkalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwi-geology nakwimihla yethu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni isiqabu, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.