Phakathi kwezona ndawo zingumqwebedu wendalo kunye nokuhlwempuzeka kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kwesi sijikelezi-langa sineentlango. Kukho iindidi ezininzi zeentlango kwaye amaxesha amaninzi kuthethwa ngazo kancinci. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni na intlango kwaye zeziphi iimpawu ezizodwa zezi sixokelelwano sokuphilisana kwendalo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni intlango, iimpawu zayo kunye neentlobo.
yintoni na intlango
Intlango yi-bioclimatic landscape (okanye i-biome), eshushu okanye ebandayo, ebonakaliswa ngamazinga asezantsi emvula, imozulu eyomileyo, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, kunye nomhlaba owomileyo. Entlango, izityalo ezimbalwa kunye nezilwanyana (kunye nabantu) ziyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nezi meko zinzima zokuphila.
Iintlango zigubungela malunga nekota yomhlaba, I-53% yazo ihambelana neentlango ezishushu (ezifana neSahara) kunye nezinye kwiintlango ezinomkhenkce (ezifana ne-Antarctica). Iintlango zifumaneka kuwo onke amazwekazi amahlanu, amathafa anomkhenkce akuMntla Afrika, kumantla eMexico, kwitundra yaseRashiya, eAntarctica, eGreenland, naseAlaska, kunye nakumantla nakumazantsi eChile.
Kwiintlango ezishushu, ukhukuliseko lomoya kunye nemitha yelanga ziqatha kakhulu, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, yaye imihlaba idla ngokuba yintlabathi, enamatye okanye anamatye. Kwelinye icala, kwiintlango ezimhlophe, iqondo lobushushu lidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-0°C, imozulu yomile kwaye kukho izityalo nezilwanyana ezincinci.
iimpawu zentlango
Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili zeentlango zezi:
- Imvula encinci kunye nemozulu eyomileyo. Iintlango ziindawo ezifumana imvula encinane kakhulu kuba ziindawo apho amafu angaveliyo. Ukuze indawo ibe yintlango, kufuneka ifumane ngaphantsi kwe-250 mm yemvula ngonyaka, kwaye ukungabikho kwemvula kunokukhokelela kwimbalela yomhlaba kunye nokunqongophala kwebhayoloji. Imvula enokufunyanwa yintlango idla ngokuba manqaphanqapha yaye ininzi, nto leyo ebangela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba ngenxa yokungabikho kwezityalo ezifunxa amanzi.
- Umhlaba owomileyo. Ukunqongophala kwemvula kuvelisa umhlaba owomileyo nobharhileyo. Le mihlaba ayinazo izondlo kwaye ibandakanya isanti okanye amatye ngokubanzi. Kwimeko yeentlango ezimhlophe, umhlaba ugqunywe ngumkhenkce omkhulu.
- Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Entlango, amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ashushu kwaye abandayo (njengoko kunokuba njalo). Kwiintlango ezimhlophe, iqondo lobushushu lidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kwe-0°C, ngelixa kwiintlango ezishushu, iqondo lobushushu lidla ngokuba ngaphezu kwe-40°C kunye nemitha yelanga yomelele kakhulu. Kwiintlango ezininzi, kukho umahluko omkhulu wobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
- Inani lezityalo nezilwanyana liphantsi. Ukunqongophala kwemvula kunye nezondlo emhlabeni zezinye zezizathu ezithintela ukukhula nokuphuhliswa kwezinto eziphilayo entlango. Uninzi lwezilwanyana ezihlala entlango zisebenzisa iindlela zokugcina amanzi okanye ukubaleka amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo.
- Ukhukuliseko kunye nemihlaba ephantsi yezondlo. Imimoya kwimimandla yasentlango idla ngokuba namandla kwaye iyazingisa, ibangela ukhukuliseko lomhlaba ngenxa yokungabikho kwezityalo. Ukongeza, ukhukuliseko, oluhamba nemvula encinci, lunokukhokelela ekuphelelweni kwezondlo zomhlaba, kuthintele ukukhula okuqhubekayo okanye ukukhubazeka kwezinto eziphilayo zezityalo.
iintlobo zeentlango
Iindidi eziphambili zeentlango zezi:
- intlango yetropiki: Ziintlango ezikufuphi ne-ikhweyitha okanye iitropiki. Zibonakaliswa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, i-thermal amplitudes enkulu emini nasebusuku, kunye nemvula ephantsi kunye nokufuma. Umzekelo waloo ntlango yintlango yeSahara kuMntla Afrika.
- intlango yencam: Zezo ntlango ezinamaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu, owomileyo kakhulu, imitha yelanga ephantsi kunye nemvula encinci yonyaka. Ngenxa yemozulu enzima, kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kule biome. I-Arctic Circle kunye ne-Antarctica yimimandla yentlango yeplanethi.
- intlango eselunxwemeni. Zezo ntlango zibekwe kufutshane nonxweme kunye neTropic yeCancer kunye neCapricorn. Nangona zikufutshane namanzi, ziindawo ezomileyo ezinemvula encinci kakhulu, kuba ngenxa yomoya, imvula iwela elwandle kwaye ukufuma akufikeleli elunxwemeni. Umzekelo waloo ntlango yiNtlango yaseAtacama eChile.
- Intlango eyomileyo. Zezo ntlango zinokufuma okuncinci kakhulu, kodwa imvula eninzi kuneentlango zetropiki. Zibonakala ngokushushu, ihlobo elomileyo kunye nobusika obubandayo kunye nemvula encinci. Umzekelo waloo ntlango yintlango yehlathi eRashiya.
Imozulu yasentlango
Amaqondo obushushu entlango asoloko egqithisile, kukho umahluko omkhulu wobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku. Kwintlango eshushu amaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-40°C emini aze ehle ngaphantsi kweqondo lomkhenkce ebusuku.
Kwicala layo, kwintlango yencam, amaqondo obushushu ahlala ephantsi kakhulu (malunga ne-40°C) kwaye angadlula ku-0°C ehlotyeni. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zemozulu yasentlango ngokusekelwe kwimvula yonyaka:
- Imozulu eyomileyo (ithafa). Zifumana umyinge wama-250 ukuya kuma-500 mm wemvula ngonyaka, ezigubungela i-15% yomphezulu womhlaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kumda wangaphandle wentlango.
- Imozulu eyomileyo. Imvula yonyaka iphakathi kwe-25 kunye ne-250 mm (ubuninzi), igubungela i-16% yomhlaba.
- Imozulu eyomileyo kakhulu. Amazinga emvula aphantsi kakhulu, amaxesha amaninzi angenamvula kule mimandla. Le mozulu ikhona entliziyweni yeentlango zepolar kunye neentlango ezishushu.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Iintyatyambo zasentlango zithe ngqo kwaye zihlala zinqabile, ngenxa yokufuma okuphantsi, kwaye izityalo ezininzi azikwazi ukwenza iphotosynthesis. Iintyatyambo zeentlango ziyahluka ngokohlobo lwemozulu.
Kwiintlango ezishushu, ubomi buye baqhelana neemeko ezingathandekiyo, yingakho ngokuqhelekileyo kukho izityalo ze-xerophytic: izityalo ezinameva, ezinencindi, ezixhathisayo ezinomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amanzi. Eminye imizekelo yobushushu basentlango yile: i-cacti, i-agave, i-acacia, i-roses yaseJeriko, i-cacti kunye ne-succulents.
Kwiintlango ezishushu, kukho iindawo ezinamanzi (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-oases) kunye neemeko ezifumileyo ezikhuthaza ukuba izityalo zidubule. I-oasis likhaya lemithi yesundu kunye nezihlahla ezinde, kubandakanywa nemithi yeziqhamo enjengeedati okanye iintende zekhokhonathi.
Kwelinye icala, kwiintlango ezimhlophe, kukho uhlaza oluncinane kakhulu ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemvula kunye nengqele kunye ne-permafrost. Iintyatyambo ezikwiintlango zeArctic zininzi kakhulu kunezo zaseAntarctica (kuphela ingca ye-Antarctic, i-Antarctic carnations kunye nobulembu), ehlala izityalo ezifana nobulembu, imifuno, amadlelo kunye namatyholo.
Izilwanyana eziphilayo eziqhelanisiweyo kwindawo yazo yasentlango kwaye zineendlela zokugcina imizimba yazo imanzi. Abanye abantu bazimela emingxunyeni ukuze baphephe ilanga emini, yaye abanye banogcino lwamanzi emizimbeni yabo okanye iimpawu zabo zomzimba ezinokubanceda bamelane nobushushu obugqithiseleyo nokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni.
Iintlango ezinomkhenkce, kwelinye icala, abanazo izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, kwaye ubomi be-algae kunye neebhaktheriya zivelele. Nangona kunjalo, iintlango ze-polar ze-Arctic zineentlobo zezilwanyana ezininzi kune-Antarctica, kwaye kwiindawo ezikude zentlango ziyakwazi ukufumana iibhere, i-reindeer, iimpungutye, imivundla kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincelisayo, ezinoboya obukhuselayo kunye nokugcina amafutha amaninzi. Iintini, iminenga ebulalayo, iminenga, iintlanzi kunye neeplankton zihlala kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni naselwandle.
E-Antarctica, iintaka ezifana noonombombiya, amangabangaba, iialbatross, iitern kunye ne-Antarctic petrels ziyagqama, nangona uninzi luhlala kufutshane nonxweme (amantini kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle nazo zingabonwa).
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni intlango kunye neempawu zayo.