Ngokuqinisekileyo wakhe wahlangabezana nokushukuma okuncinci komhlaba okanye wabona inyikima kwaye awazi ukuba kutheni. Iinyikima zithethwa rhoqo, kodwa abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni inyikima ngokwenene, imvelaphi kunye noonobangela. Ukuze siqonde imvelaphi yoonobangela benyikima kufuneka sibe nolwazi olusisiseko malunga nokwakheka komhlaba.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni inyikima, yintoni imvelaphi yayo, izizathu kunye neziphumo.
Yintoni inyikima
Inyikima into ebangelwe kukungcangcazela koqweqwe lomhlaba, ngenxa yokuxubana kwamacwecwe eteknoloji enza umphezulu weplanethi yethu. Nokuba kusezintabeni ukuya kuthiwe ziziphene, inokufumaneka naphi na emaphethelweni epleyiti, yiyo loo nto eyenzekayo xa iipleyiti ezimbini zohlukene. Elona tyala lidumileyo lelaseNyakatho Melika, apho ifunyenwe khona impazamo yeSan Andreas. Ezi ndawo zirekhode ezona nyikima zitshabalalisayo, zade zafikelela kubukhulu be-7,2 kwisikali seRichter.
Nangona esona sikali sidumileyo sisikali sikaRichter, esilinganisela kuphela ubungakanani bezinto, iingcali zikwasebenzisa isikali seMercalli ukulinganisa ifuthe kwindalo esingqongileyo, kunye nesikali seismic sangoku sokuvavanya ukuqina kunye nomgama. iye yemka.
Isikali sikaRichter sishwankathelwe apha:
- Ubunzulu 3 okanye ngaphantsi: ihlala ingaziva, kodwa iya kubhalisa nangona kunjalo. Ngokwesiqhelo ayibangeli monakalo ucacileyo.
- Ubunzulu ukusuka kwi-3 kuye kwi-6: qaphela. Ingabangela umonakalo omncinci.
- Ubunzulu 6 ukuya ku-7: Zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisixeko sonke.
- Ubunzulu 7 ukuya ku-8: umonakalo ubaluleke ngakumbi. Ingatshabalalisa indawo engaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezili-150.
- Inyikima engaphezulu kweedigri ezisi-8 inokubangela ukonakala kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuluhlu lweekhilomitha ezininzi. Kodwa akukho ngxelo yokufikelela kweli nqanaba kwilizwe lethu.
Imvelaphi yenyikima
Iinyikima zibangelwa kukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Kungenxa yokuba la macwecwe ahamba rhoqo kwaye akhulula amandla ngexesha lokuhamba. Zingabangelwa kukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuba zithathwa njengombane wamandla endalo. Oko sikubonayo ngamaza enyikima asuka embindini womhlaba. Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zamaza enyikima, onke amelwe ziinkqubo zenyikima.
Inyikima uqobo lwayo inyikima phezu komhlaba, ebangelwa kukukhululwa ngesiquphe kwamandla ngaphakathi komhlaba. Ukukhutshwa kwamandla kuvela kukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji, akhupha amandla ngexesha lokuhamba. Ziyahluka ngokobukhulu nangokomelela. Ezinye iinyikima zibuthathaka kangangokuba intsebenziswano ayivakali. Nangona kunjalo, abanye banobundlobongela kangangokuba bayakwazi ukutshabalalisa kwanezixeko.
Uthotho lweenyikima ezenzeka kwingingqi ibizwa ngokuba yinyikima. Ibhekisa kubuninzi beenyikima, udidi, kunye nobukhulu benyikima efumaneke kule ndawo ixesha elininzi. Phezu komhlaba, ezi nyikima zibonakala njengomothuko womhlaba kunye nokufuduswa kwexesha elifutshane.
Bavame ukuvela phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, nokuba kungasemaphethelweni eetectonic plates okanye kwiimpazamo. Siyazi ukuba iplanethi yethu inezingqimba ezi-4 eziphambili zangaphakathi: Undoqo wangaphakathi, umphandle wangaphandle, ingubo kunye noqweqwe. Inxalenye ephezulu yengubo inezakhiwo ezinamatye, apho kukho isixa esithile semisinga ye-convection, ekhuthaza ukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji kwaye ke oko kubangela inyikima.
Amaza enyikima
Ukwenziwa kweenyikima kungenxa yokwanda kwamaza enyikima athi abekho emhlabeni. Sichaza amaza enyikima njengogagasi olunwebekayo, olwenzeka ekusasazeni utshintsho lwethutyana kwicandelo loxinzelelo kwaye lubangele ukushukuma okuncinci kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Nangona oku sikubiza ngokuba kukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji, kufuneka sazi ukuba le ntshukumo icace gca kangangokuba iphantse yabonakala. Kukule minyaka apho iipleyiti zeetekoni ziye zahamba kancinci kunakwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ilizwekazi ihamba kuphela i-2 cm ngonyaka ngokomndilili. Oku akubonakali ebantwini.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zininzi iintlobo zamaza enyikima anokuveliswa ngokungeyonyani. Umzekelo, abantu banokwenza amaza enyikima anganyanzelekanga ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokukhupha irhasi ezinjengeziqhushumbisi okanye ukuqhekeka kwesantium.
Amaza angaphakathi ngamaza asasazeka ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Siyazi ukuba ukubunjwa kwangaphakathi kwiplanethi yethu kunzima kakhulu. Ukukhupha olu lwazi kubonisa ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza enyikima. Esi sisiphumo esifana nokususwa kwamaza okukhanya.
Amaza e-P achazwa njengamaza avela kumhlaba oxineneyo kakhulu kwaye ngamaza andayo kwicala lokusasazeka. Olona phawu luphambili kula maza onyikima kukuba banokugqitha nakweyiphi na into, nokuba injani na imeko yayo. Kwelinye icala, sinamaza e-S, olu hlobo lweliza elinokufuduka okunqamlezileyo ukuya kwicala lokusasazeka. Isantya sabo siyacotha kunamaza e-P, ngenxa yoko avela emhlabeni emva kwexesha. La maza awakwazi ukusasazeka kulwelo.
Seismology kunye nokubaluleka
I-Seismology yisayensi efunda ngeenyikima. Yiyo loo nto efunda ukuhanjiswa kwexesha-lendawo, indlela ekugxilwe kuyo kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla. Isifundo sokusasazwa kwamaza enyikima aveliswe yinyikima irekhodisha ulwazi kubume babo bangaphakathi, indawo yemilo, uxinano kunye nokusasazeka rhoqo kwe-elastic. Enkosi kumaza enyikima, Kuyenzeka ukuba ufumane ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomhlaba ongaphakathi. Siyazi ukuba ziveliswa yinyikima kwaye zimiselwe ngoomatshini bemithombo yeendaba e-elastic. Oku kuthetha ukuba isantya saso sixhomekeke kwiipropathi zelastiki yendlela esikhula ngayo, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwayo kunokufundwa ngokujonga ixesha lokusasaza kunye nokuphakama kwala maza.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nenyikima kunye neempawu zayo.