¿Yintoni iphela? Ngomnye wemibuzo ebuzwa kakhulu ngoososayensi kwimbali yonke. Ngokwenene, indalo yonke iyinto yonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha. Singabandakanya kwindalo yonke, amandla, indawo kunye nexesha kunye nayo yonke into ekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa sithetha ngento eyiyo indalo, kubhekiswa ngakumbi kwisithuba esingaphandle seplanethi yoMhlaba.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni indalo, iimpawu zayo kunye nezinye iingcamango.
Yintoni iphela
Indalo iphela inkulu, kodwa isenokungapheli. Ukuba kunjalo, kuyakubakho into engenasiphelo kwinkwenkwezi engenasiphelo, engenjalo. Ngokuchasene noko, ngokubhekisele kumcimbi, ubukhulu becala yindawo engenanto. Abanye abantu bade bathi indalo esihlala kuyo ayiyonyani, yihologram.
Indalo yonke eyaziwayo iqulethe iminyele, izihloko zeminyele, kunye nolwakhiwo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuba zii-superclusters, kunye nomba ophakathi. Ngaphandle kobuchwephesha obuphambili obukhoyo namhlanje, asibazi ngqo ubungakanani bayo. Umcimbi awusasazwa ngokufanayo, kodwa ugxilwe kwiindawo ezithile: iminyele, iinkwenkwezi, iiplanethi, njl. Nangona kunjalo, i-90% yobukho ithathwa ngokuba yinto emnyama esingenakuyibona.
Indalo iphela inemilinganiselo emine eyaziwayo: ezintathu kwisithuba (ubude, ukuphakama, nobubanzi) kunye nexesha elinye. Ngenxa yamandla amakhulu omxhuzulane, anamathela ndawonye kwaye aqhubeke ngokuqhubekayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nesibhakabhaka, iplanethi yethu incinci kakhulu. Siyinxalenye yenkqubo yelanga, elahlekileyo kwiingalo zeMilky Way. IMilky Way ineenkwenkwezi ezili-100.000 lamawaka ezigidi, kodwa yenye nje yamakhulu amawaka ezigidi yeminyele ebumba isijikelezi-langa.
Ukuyilwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa
Ithiyori ye-Big Bang icacisa ukuba yenziwa njani. Le ngcamango ithi malunga ne-13.700 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, umba wawunobuninzi obungapheliyo kunye nobushushu. Kwakukho ukuqhuma kobundlobongela kwaye ubuninzi kunye neqondo lobushushu kwindalo yonke liye lehla ukusukela ngoko.
I-Big Bang yinto eyodwa, ngaphandle kokungenakuchazwa yimithetho ye-physics. Singakwazi okwenzekileyo kwasekuqaleni, kodwa akukho ngcaciso yenzululwazi yomzuzu zero kunye nobukhulu zero. Kude kube le mfihlakalo ingatyhilwanga, oososayensi abayi kuba nakho ukuchaza ngokuqiniseka okupheleleyo ukuba yintoni na indalo.
Okwangoku, kukho uthotho lweethiyori ethi emva kwengcinga yokucinga bachaze ukuba bacinga ukuba ukuphela kwendalo iphela kuyakuba njani. Ukuqala, singathetha ngemodeli ye Umkhenkce omkhulu, eyalela ukuba ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwendalo iphela kuya kubangela (kwisithuba seminyaka eliwaka lezigidi) ukutshabalala kwazo zonke iinkwenkwezi, kukhokelela kwindalo ebandayo nasebumnyameni.
Singakhankanya ithiyori ye Ukukrazula okukhulu (okanye inyembezi enkulu) ephakamisa ukuba ubuninzi bendalo buyanda, amandla amnyama ngakumbi aveliswayo, efikelela kwinqanaba lokuba amandla amnyama oyise amandla omxhuzulane, esaphula ibhalansi ekhoyo phakathi kwemikhosi emibini kunye nokudala ukonakala. yento.
Ukubaluleka kwemicimbi emnyama
Kwi-astrophysics, izinto ze-cosmic ngaphandle komcimbi we-baryonic (umba oqhelekileyo), i-neutrinos, kunye namandla amnyama abizwa ngokuba ngumnyama. Igama layo livela kwinto yokuba ayikhuphi imitha ye-electromagnetic okanye inxibelelane nemitha ye-electromagnetic nangayiphi na indlela, iyenza ingabonakali kuyo yonke imitha ye-electromagnetic radiation. Nangona kunjalo, ayifanelanga ukubhideka ne-antimatter.
Into emnyama imele iipesenti ezingama-25 zobunzima bendalo iphela, ngenxa yempembelelo yomxhuzulane wayo. Kukho imiqondiso eyomeleleyo yobukho bayo, ethi ibonakale kwizinto zeenkwenkwezi eziyijikelezileyo. Ngapha koko, ukubakho kobukho bayo kwaqala ukucetywa ngo-1933, xa isazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nesayensi yase-Switzerland u-Fritz Zwicky esithi "ubunzima obungabonakaliyo" buchaphazela isantya se-orbital seqela leminyele. Ukusukela ngoko, ezinye izinto ezininzi eziqwalaselweyo zihlala zibonisa ukuba inokubakho.
Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nomnyama. Ubume bayo buyimfihlakalo, kodwa inokwenzeka into yokuba inezinto eziqhelekileyo ezinobunzima okanye amasuntswana asandul 'ukucetyiswa (njengee-WIMPs okanye ii-axon), ukubala nje ezimbalwa. Impendulo ecacileyo malunga nokwakheka kwayo yenye yeemibuzo eziphambili ze-cosmology yanamhlanje kunye ne-physics yamasuntswana.
Ubukho bezinto ezimnyama kubalulekile ukuqonda imodeli yeBang Bang yokwakheka kwendalo iphela kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zezinto zasemajukujukwini. Ubalo lwenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba kuninzi kakhulu kwindalo kwindalo iphela kunokuba kunokubonwa. Umzekelo, isimilo esiqikelelweyo seminyele sihlala sitshintsha ngaphandle kwesizathu, ngaphandle kokuba kukho into enokubangela ukuba kungabikho nto inokubangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho kumandla abonakalayo.
I-Antimatter kunye namandla amnyama kwindalo iphela
Akufuneki sididanise into emnyama ne-antimatter. Olu hlobo lokugqibela luhlobo lomcimbi oqhelekileyo, njengomba osenzileyo, kodwa ubunjwe ngamasuntswana aphantsi aneempawu zombane ezichaseneyo: ezilungileyo / ezimbi.
I-anti-electron yincinci ye-antimatter, ehambelana ne-electron, kodwa inexabiso elifanelekileyo kunokuba ihlawulwe. I-Antimatter ayikho kwifom ezinzileyo kuba iyabhubhisa ngombandela (okhoyo ngobuninzi), ke ngoko ayizilungelelanisi kwii-atom ezibonakalayo kunye neemolekyuli. I-Antimatter inokufunyanwa kuphela ngamaqhekeza akhawulezayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kuyabiza.
Amandla amnyama luhlobo lwamandla akhoyo kwindalo iphela kwaye ithambekele ekukhawuleziseni ukwandiswa kwayo ngokugxotha amandla omxhuzulane okanye amandla. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-68% ezinto ezinamandla kwindalo iphela zezalolu hlobo, kwaye luhlobo olufanayo kakhulu lwamandla olungadibaniyo nawo nawuphina omnye amandla asisiseko kwindalo iphela, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba "mnyama". Kodwa, ngokomgaqo, ayinanto yakwenza nomcimbi omnyama.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni indalo, imvelaphi yayo kunye neempawu zayo.