Yintoni iliwa

yintoni iliwa

Kwiplanethi yethu kukho amatye eentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Oko umhlaba wethu wasekwayo, izigidi ziye zenziwa kule minyaka idlulileyo kwaye kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu, imvelaphi kunye nemvelaphi kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Masichaze yintoni iliwa ukusuka kwinqanaba lembono yejoloji ukuze uqonde ngcono ukuba iplanethi yethu yenziwe njani.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba liliphi iliwa, zithini iimpawu zalo kwaye zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo.

Yintoni iliwa

intlenga

Amatye enziwe ngamaminerali okanye izihlanganisi zeeminerali ezizodwa. Kuhlobo lokuqala, sinegranite, kwaye kwizimbiwa, sinetyuwa eliliwa njengomzekelo. Ukwenziwa kwamatye yinkqubo ecothayo kwaye ilandela inkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ngokwemvelaphi yamatye, banokwahlulahlulwa babe ziindidi ezintathu: amatye angenanto, amatye entlenga, kunye namatye e-metamorphic. La matye awahlali ngokusisigxina, kodwa ahlala ekhula kwaye etshintsha. Ewe, zilutshintsho kwixesha lejoloji. Ngamanye amagama, ngokwesikali somntu, asizukubona ukwenziwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwelitye elipheleleyo, kodwa banento ebizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo wedwala.

Iindidi zerock

yintoni iliwa kunye neempawu

Amatye e-sedimentary

Loo matye enziwa kukuqokelelwa kwamasuntswana ahlukeneyo ngokobukhulu obahlukeneyo, avela kwamanye amasuntswana anokwakheka kwamatye, abizwa njalo. Onke amasuntswana akha eli litye abizwa ngokuba ziintlenga. Le yimvelaphi yegama layo. Ezi ntlenga zihanjiswa zizinto zejoloji zangaphandle ezinje ngamanzi, umkhenkce nomoya. Izidalwa ezakha amatye akhula ngentambo zihanjiswa zizinto ezahlukeneyo zejoloji kwaye zibekwe kwizitya ezibizwa ngokuba zizidenge.

Kwinkqubo yothutho lwentlenga, amasuntswana elitye aya kudlula kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba yi-diagenesis. Ngeli gama, sibhekisa kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwamatye. Eyona meko iqhelekileyo kukwenziwa kwe amatye e-sedimentary kunxweme lwemilambo, iibhedi zolwandle, amachibi, amachweba, imilambo okanye imiwonyo. Ukwenziwa kwamatye e-sedimentary kwenzeka ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeminyaka. Ke ngoko, ukuze sihlalutye imvelaphi kunye nokwakheka kwamatye e-sedimentary, isikali sexesha lejoloji kufuneka sithathelwe ingqalelo.

Amatye ePlutonic

Okulandelayo siza kuchaza ezona mpawu ziphambili zolu hlobo lwamatye olwenziwe kule ndawo ikhankanywe ngasentla. Zihlala zixinene kwaye azinayo imingxunya. Ubume bayo bunzima kwaye benziwe ngezinto ezininzi. Zahluke kakhulu kuba singafumana iindidi zokuqulunqwa kweekhemikhali kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemagma evela kuyo.

La matye maninzi kakhulu emhlabeni kwaye athathwa njengamatye endalo. Kungenxa yokuba la matye akhetha ukwenziwa kwamanye amatye. Ezi ntlobo zamatye ziyafumaneka kumhlaba weeplanethi zomhlaba, ezinje ngeMercury, iVenus, neMars, kunye nezinye iiplanethi ezinkulu zegesi, ezinje USaturn, uJupiter, u-Uranus kunye noNeptune.

Amatye anqabileyo

Amatye anqabileyo ngamatye ayilwe kukupholisa kwemagma ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Inenxalenye engamanzi yengubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-asthenosphere. IMagma inokupholiswa ngaphakathi kuqweqwe lomhlaba kunye nemikhosi evela kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ngokuxhomekeke apho i-magma ipholile, iikristali ziya kubumba ngezantya ezahlukeneyo ngendlela enye okanye enye, ezibangelwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana:

  • Ihanjisiwe: Xa i-magma ipholisa kancinci kwaye iiminerali ziqaqamba, kuya kuvela amasuntswana abonakalayo obukhulu obufanayo.
  • Iifomathi: i-magma iveliswa xa ipholile ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ekuqaleni yaqala ukupholisa kancinci, kodwa ke yakhawuleza kwaye yakhawuleza.
  • Vitreous. Ikwabizwa ngokuba kukungena kwemivumbo. Kwenzeka xa i-magma ipholisa ngokukhawuleza. Ngale ndlela, iglasi ayibunjwanga, kodwa ijongeka njengeglasi.

Amatye eMetamorphic

Ngamatye akhiwe ngamanye amatye. Zihlala zenziwe ngamatye e-sedimentary athe enza iinkqubo zenguqu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Zizinto zejoloji ezinje ngoxinzelelo kunye nobushushu obutshintsha iliwa. Ke ngoko, uhlobo lwerwala luxhomekeke kwizimbiwa eziqulethwe kunye nenqanaba lalo lotshintsho ngenxa yemeko yejoloji.

Izimbiwa

Iliwa elingenanto

Asinakugqiba ukuyichaza into eliweni ngaphandle kokuthetha ngeeminerali. Izimbiwa zenziwe ngezinto eziqinileyo, zendalo, kunye nezinto ezingaqhelekanga ezivela kwimagma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ngotshintsho kwezinye izimbiwa esele zikhona kunye nezenziwe. Iminerali nganye inesakhiwo seekhemikhali esicacileyo, esixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubume bayo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo ikwanempawu ezizodwa zomzimba.

Amaminerali ayalele iiathom. Ezi atom ziyaziwa ngokwenza iseli ephindaphindayo kulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi. Ezi zakhiwo zivelisa iimilo ezithile zejiyometri, nangona zingasoloko zibonakala ngamehlo, kodwa zikhona.

Iyunithi yeseli yenza iikristali ezidibanisa kunye nokwenza i-lattice okanye i-lattice structure. Ezi kristali zenza iiminerali zihamba kancinci. Ukucotha ukuyilwa kwekristale, Oku-odolwe ngakumbi onke amasuntswana kwaye, ke ngoko, ngcono inkqubo ye-crystallization.

Amakristali amaminerali ahlukaniswanga, kodwa enza izinto ezihlanganisiweyo. Ukuba iikristali ezimbini okanye ezingaphezulu zikhula kwindiza enye okanye i-axis ye-symmetry, isakhiwo semaminerali esibizwa ngokuba ngamawele e-crystals siqwalaselwa. Umzekelo wamawele yicrystalline rock quartz. Ukuba izimbiwa zigubungela umphezulu wedwala, ziya kwenza i-clumps okanye i-dendrites. Umzekelo, pyrolusite.

Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba izimbiwa ziyanyibilika kwingxondorha yamatye, kuyilwa isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yigeodeic. Ezi geodeics zithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela ngobuhle bazo kunye nokuhombisa. I-Olivine ngumzekelo ocacileyo we-geode. Kukwakho nezinye ii-geodeics ezinkulu, ezinje ngomgodi wePulpi eAlmería.

Kukho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlela izimbiwa. Masiqale ngeyokuqala. Ngokwakhiwa kwezimbiwa, inokuhlelwa ngendlela elula. Zahlula-hlulwe:

  • Isinyithi: Izimbiwa zentsimbi ezenziwe yimagma. Eyona idume ngobhedu nesilivere, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, malachite, azurite okanye cinnabar.
  • Non-ebuntsimbi. Phakathi kwezinto ezingezizo zesinyithi, sinesilicates, eyona nto iphambili kuyo yi-silicon dioxide. Zenziwe nge-magma asthenosphere. Zizimbiwa ezinjenge-olivine, i-ecology, i-talc, i-muscovite, i-quartz, iswekile eluhlaza kunye nodongwe. Sikwanazo neetyiwa zetyuwa, ezenziwa ngetyuwa ebaleka xa amanzi olwandle ephuphuma. Ziyakwazi ukwenziwa ngokuphinda kwenziwe ezinye iiminerali. Zizimbiwa ezenziwa yimvula. Umzekelo, sine-calcite, i-gypsum, i-magnesite, i-anhydrite, njl.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni ilitye kunye neempawu zalo.


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