Yintoni i-aquifer

yintoni i-aquifer kunye neempawu

Xa sithetha ngamanzi aphantsi komhlaba, sibhekisela kumanzi afunyanwa kwi-aquifers nanokuthi asetyenziswe ngabantu kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokusetyenziswa kuwo. Kwi-aquifers kulapho onke amanzi avela kwi-filtration of precipitations ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya kumhlaba ongaphantsi agcinwa. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni i-aquifer kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwayo.

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-aquifer, imvelaphi yayo, iimpawu kunye nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani kwiindawo zokugcina amanzi.

Yintoni i-aquifer

yintoni i-aquifer

I-aquifers idlala indima ephambili kumjikelo wamanzi wehlabathi. Ngaloo ndlela, amanzi emvula angena emhlabeni, ehlala kwimingxuma kunye neentanda kumhlaba ongaphantsi, edala ukuqengqeleka ngaphantsi komhlaba. Amanzi agcinwa kwi-aquifer kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba afunjwe ngeeprojekthi zokuqokelela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu. Ukunqongophala kolawulo kule misebenzi yokuvuna amanzi kunokubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kolu lwakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwalo kwaye ke ngoko kunokuguqula ukugcwala kwakhona kwe-akhwifa ngokwendalo kwaye ngoko ke iipateni zesithuba nezexeshana zokufumaneka kwamanzi. Ukuze ugweme le miphumo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla kunye neempawu zezi nkqubo zokugcina amanzi.

Ii-aquifers ziyi-geological formations ezineempawu ze-hydraulic ezivumela amanzi ukuba agcinwe kwaye ahanjiswe ngokukhululekileyo ngokusebenzisa iipores okanye iifractures zabo. Phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-aquifer, kunokwenzeka ukwahlula:

  • Itafile yamanzi
  • indawo yokuzalisa
  • Ibhatyi engenamanzi

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba afumaneka kwindawo egcweleyo, ngaphantsi kwetafile yamanzi, eyenza umda ophezulu wendawo. Okukhona ubunzulu bendawo yokuzalisa, kokukhona uxinzelelo lwamanzi lukhulu. Njengoko amanzi agciniweyo equkuqela ukuya kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ngokwemvelo achithakala phezulu ngokunyusa, imithombo, okanye imijelo yomlambo. Ngaphandle koko, Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-aquifer, kukho iindawo ezingenamanzi ezithintela ukuhamba kwamanzi.

i-aquifer geology

ilahleko yamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba

Ukutshaja kwakhona kwe-aquifer kuqhutyelwa ngenkqubo yokungena-ukungena kwamanzi e-sedimentary. Yintoni engenelelayo: ubunzima kunye ne-lithology.

Kwelinye icala, umxhuzulane ngamandla atsala amanzi kumbindi woMhlaba, ukuvumela amanzi ukuba ajikeleze ngokuthe nkqo ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba ukuya kubunzulu obahlukeneyo ngaphantsi komhlaba.

I-Lithology, yona inxalenye yayo, imisela i-porosity okanye ukuxinwa kwezinto ze-geological eyenza i-aquifer. Ngokuxhomekeke koku, amanzi anokuqokelela kwaye ajikeleze ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi ngokulula.

Banemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokwenza lula i-akhwifa ekhoyo. Kulo msebenzi, iintlobo ezine zetaxonomy zisekiwe.

Ukuhlelwa kwe-hydrogeological

Ngokusekwe kwindlela yokuziphatha kwe-lithological xa kuthelekiswa namanzi aphantsi komhlaba, iinkqubo ezi-4 ze-hydrogeological zinokwahlulwa: i-aquifers, i-aquitars, i-aquicluded kunye ne-herefugal.

Ngokuxhomekeke ekubunjweni komhlaba, i-aquifers ingabonwa njengegqwesileyo (eyenziwe ngegrabile ecocekileyo), enobulungisa (ehlanganiswe nentlabathi ecocekileyo, i-gravel kunye nesanti, okanye isanti ecolekileyo) okanye ihlwempu (isanti ecolekileyo, intlenga yentlenge, kunye nelitye lekalika elaphukileyo) yokugcina nokuvuselelwa. uthutho lwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba. Ngesiqhelo, Inkqubo ibonakaliswe ngumthamo ophezulu wokugcina, ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye nokunikezelwa kwamanzi.

I-aquitards eyenziwe ngentlenga, intlenga, kunye nodongwe inomthamo ophezulu wokugcina amanzi kodwa ine-drainage (umthamo ophantsi ukuya phakathi) kunye neengxaki zokuthutha (umthamo ophantsi). Lixesha eliphakathi phakathi kwe-aquifer kunye ne-aquifer.

Nangona i-porosity yayo ephezulu, ubume beempawu ze-aquacluids abunamanzi (loam, udongwe okanye ilitye lepumice). Ke ngoko, ukugcinwa kwayo, ukukhuphela kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezakhono akukho.

I-aquifuges ziindlela zejoloji ezingakwazi ukugcina okanye ukuthutha amanzi. Eminye imizekelo ngamatye avuthayo angaqhekekanga okanye aqhekekileyo. Apha unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo zamatye e-igneous kunye neempawu zabo.

UHlelo loxinzelelo lweHydraulic

amanzi okusela

Indawo, indlela yokuziphatha ngokwamanzi kunye neempawu zejoloji zamaleko amanzi aphantsi komhlaba avelisa iindidi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zamaleko amanzi aphantsi komhlaba: ekhululekileyo, evalekileyo kunye nesiqingatha-phakathi.

  • I-aquifers yasimahla, Ukungathintelwa okanye i-phreatic ayiqulathanga ukwakheka okungangeneli. Phakathi kwabo, indawo engabonakaliyo iphakathi kwendawo kunye netafile yamanzi, apho amanzi adibana nomoya kwaye aphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric.
  • Ngokungafaniyo neendawo ezimanzi ezimanzi zasimahla, li-aquifers evaliweyo, zivaliwe, zixinzelelwe okanye ziphantsi komthwalo azidibanisi nomoya ngenxa yobukho bezinto ezingabonakaliyo okanye ezivaliweyo. Kwimigxobhozo evalelweyo okanye evalelweyo, amanzi azalise ngokupheleleyo iipores okanye iifractures, ngoko ke xa iqula ligrunjwa amanzi ayanyuka de uxinzelelo lwamanzi lulingane noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric.
  • i-semi-confined aquifers I-aquifers ezixinzelelweyo njengama-akhwifa avalelweyo, kodwa ngokungafaniyo neyokugqibela, i-aquifers evaliweyo i-semi-confined ino-permeability ephezulu (ithathwa njenge-aquitards).

Ulwakhiwo, izityalo nezilwanyana

I-aquifers yenziwa ngexesha lomjikelo wamanzi, imvula ingena kwi-subsoil kwaye yehla ide ifikelele kwizinto zamatye ezinokungena. Kukho izinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwayo: ubunzima kunye ne-lithology.

Umxhuzulane utsalela amanzi kumbindi woMhlaba, kwaye nokuba yimvula okanye imilambo, uwathatha phantsi komhlaba. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, amanzi awangeni, adlule, okanye aqokelele ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwelitye lomkhosi. Ilitye elishinyeneyo lithintela amanzi ukuba angangeni. Ilitye elinomgongxo linokuqokelela amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwaye liya kwaphuka okanye linyibilike ngaloo manzi, lidale imingxunya emikhulu eya kuzaliswa ngamanzi.

Ebunzulu kukho izinto zokuthintela ukuvuza. Malunga nabo, amanzi aqokelelene kwi-porous layer ahamba ngokuthe chu ukuya kumphezulu.

Mbonakaliso nganye yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ineenkqubo ze-ikholoji, i-ecosystem ekhethekileyo, kunye neentlobo ezihlala zikho zezityalo nezilwanyana. Uhlaza olunxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo ne-aquifer zizityalo zasemanzini okanye izityalo zasemanzini. Iquka izityalo ezineengcambu ezinzulu kakhulu ezifunxa amanzi kwimithombo yamanzi asisigxina emhlabeni. Zitya kumanzi angaphezulu, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwaye zintywile kufutshane nomphezulu.

Izityalo ze-algae zizalathisi zendalo zokusela amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ngakumbi kwiindawo eziyimiqwebedu kunye nezomileyo. I-Ash, i-alder, i-willow, kunye ne-poplar nazo zinendima ekhokelayo okanye umsebenzi. Imithi ikhula kwi-alluvial aquifers yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, apho itafile yamanzi ingaphantsi kweemitha ezilishumi ubunzulu.

Kwi-aquifer, i-fauna iqulethwe ngama-microorganisms, izinto ezincinci kunye ne-macroorganisms. Ukwahluka kunye nobuninzi bezilwanyana ezingenamqolo kunye nezinye ii-vertebrates, ezininzi zazo zifumaneka emanzini angaphezulu. Irhafu yongamele: amangolwane, ii-oligochaetes, iicrustaceans kunye neerotifers. Iintsholongwane ezikwiiklasi zeCollembola, Insecta, Nematodes, Nematodes, Silk Nematodes, kunye nePnematodes nazo zifunyenwe ngamanani amancinci.

I-subsoil ibonakaliswe ngokungabikho kokukhanya okupheleleyo, apho kungekho ziphilayo ze-photosynthetic. Izilwanyana ezikwi-aquifer zixhomekeke kumanzi angaphezulu ukuze zifumane ukutya neoksijini. Ibonisa ulungelelwaniso oluyivumela ukuba iphile kwiindawo ezimnyama ezingaphantsi komhlaba.. Zidla ngokuba zizidalwa ezincinci ezinemizimba efana neentshulube. zinde kwaye zibhetyebhetye ezihamba phakathi kwemingxuma emincinci apho amanzi ahamba khona. Abanye abanalo umbala namehlo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-aquifer kunye neempawu zayo.


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