Yintoni i-Antarctica

I-Antarctica iya kuhlala isaziwa njengelizwekazi elinomkhenkce. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni iAntarctica uyigqale njengepali yangasentla. Bayibhidanisa nepali yangasentla kuba banento yokuba ngumkhenkce ngokupheleleyo. Oku akunjalo. I-Antarctica lilizwekazi eligutyungelwe yimikhenkce ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu aphantsi rhoqo unyaka wonke.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-Antarctica, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Yintoni i-Antarctica

I-Antarctica (okanye i-Antarctica kwamanye amazwe) lilizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, kunye nelona lizwekazi lisezantsi (semazantsi) kwilizwekazi. Ngapha koko, iziko layo lommandla likuMazantsi ePole yoMhlaba. Ummandla wayo uphantse waphela (98%) ugqunywe ngumkhenkce ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,9 km ubukhulu.

Ekubeni sithetha ngeyona ndawo ibanda kakhulu, eyona ndawo yomileyo kunye neyona ndawo inomoya emhlabeni, ubomi obuqhelekileyo e-Antarctica phantse akunakwenzeka, yiyo loo nto ayinabemi bomthonyama. Ihlaliswa kuphela ngamaphulo oqwalaselo enzululwazi awahlukeneyo (malunga ne-1.000 ukuya kwi-5.000 yabantu unyaka wonke) eneziseko ngaphakathi kwemida yayo, ngokubanzi kwi-Antarctic Plateau.

Ukongeza, lelona lizwekazi lisanda kufunyanwa. Yaqala ukubonwa ngumatiloshe waseSpeyin uGabriel de Castilla (malunga nowe-1577 ukusa malunga nowe-1620) kwihlobo lasemzantsi lowe-1603. De kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1895, xa iinqanawa zokuqala zaseNorway zafika kunxweme ngowe-XNUMX.

Kwelinye icala, igama layo livela kwixesha lakudala: yaqala ukusetyenziswa sisithandi sobulumko samaGrike uAristotle (384-322 BC) malunga no-350 BC. c. KwiMeteorology yakhe, wayibiza le mimandla "ejonge emantla" (kungoko igama labo lisuka kwisiGrike elithi antarktikós, "ejongene neNorth Pole").

Iimpawu eziphambili

I-Antarctica inezi mpawu zilandelayo:

• Umphezulu welizwekazi mkhulu kuneOceania okanye iYurophu, kwaye lilizwekazi lesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni, linendawo zizonke 14 million square kilometers, apho kuphela i-280.000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha ezingenawo umkhenkce ehlotyeni kunye ne-17.968 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. iikhilomitha ecaleni konxweme. .
• Iqela elikhulu leziqithi liyinxalenye yommandla walo, eyona inkulu yiAlexander I (49.070 km²), iBerkner Island (43.873 km²), iThurston Island (15.700 km²), kunye neCany Island (8.500 km²).
• I-Antarctica ayinabemi bomthonyama, akukho lizwe, kwaye akukho mimandla, nangona iintlanga ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo ziyibanga: ENew Zealand, eOstreliya, eFransi, eNorway, eGreat Britain, eArgentina naseChile.
• Ummandla we-Antarctic ulawulwa siSivumelwano sase-Antarctic, esisebenza ukususela ngo-1961, esithintela naluphi na uhlobo lobukho basemkhosini, ukutsalwa kwezimbiwa, ukuqhushumba kwebhombu yeathom kunye nokulahlwa kwezinto ezinemitha, kunye namanye amanyathelo okuxhasa uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo.
• Ineendawo ezininzi zokugalela amanzi angenamkhenkce njengeOnyx (32 km ubude) okanye iLake Vostok (14.000 km2 kummandla). Ngaphaya koko, le ndawo iqulethe i-90% yomkhenkce woMhlaba, oqulethe i-70% yamanzi acocekileyo ehlabathi.

Indawo kunye nemozulu ye-Antarctica

I-Antarctica ngowona mmandla usemazantsi oMhlaba, ngaphakathi kweJografi ye-Antarctic kunye ne-Antarctic Circles, ngaphantsi kwe-Antarctic Convergence Zone, oko kukuthi, Izibanzi ngaphantsi kwama-55 ° kunye nama-58 ° emazantsi. Ijikelezwe yi-Antarctic kunye nolwandlekazi lwaseIndiya, kufuphi nePasifiki kunye nolwandle lwase-Atlantiki yaseMzantsi, kwaye ifumaneka kuphela kwiikhilomitha ezili-1.000 ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi yoMzantsi Melika (Ushuaia, Argentina).

IAntarctica ineyona mozulu ibandayo kuwo onke amazwekazi. Elona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi kulo lonke ixesha likwalelona lisezantsi lirekhodiweyo kwiplanethi yonke (-89,2 ° C), kwaye imimandla yayo esempuma ibanda kakhulu kunemimandla yasentshona kuba iphezulu.

Ubushushu Ubuncinci bonyaka ebusika kwaye ubuphakathi belizwekazi buhlala bujikeleze -80 ° C, ngelixa elona qondo liphezulu lobushushu bonyaka ehlotyeni nakwiindawo eziselunxwemeni limalunga ne-0°C. Ukongeza, yeyona ndawo yome kakhulu eMhlabeni kwaye namanzi alulwelo anqabile. Umbindi wayo unemimoya embalwa efumileyo yaye yomile njengentlango enomkhenkce, ngoxa imimandla engaselunxwemeni inomoya ovuthuza ngamandla, obangela ukuba kube nekhephu.

Khu luleka

Imbali yokwakheka komhlaba ye-Antarctica yaqala malunga nezigidi ezingama-25 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo ngokuqhekeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwelizwekazi laseGondwana. Kwamanye amanqanaba obomi bayo bokuqala, yafumana indawo esemantla ngakumbi kunye nemozulu eshushu okanye epholileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-Pleistocene ice age igubungele ilizwekazi kwaye yatshabalalisa izityalo nezilwanyana.

Inxalenye esentshona yelizwekazi iyafana ngokwejoloji neeNtaba zeAndes, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho ubomi obuthile kwimimandla engaselunxwemeni esemazantsi. Ngokuchaseneyo, ummandla osempuma uphezulu ekuphakameni kwaye ubonisa ithafa elincanyana kumbindi wayo, elaziwa ngokuba yi-Antarctic Plateau okanye i-Geographic South Pole.

lo ukuphakama inabela ngaphezu kwe-1.000 yeekhilomitha ukuya empuma, kunye nomphakamo ophakathi kwama-3.000 eemitha.. Eyona ndawo iphakamileyo yiDome A, iimitha ezingama-4093 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Izilwanyana zasendle zase-Antarctic

Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica zinqongophele, ngakumbi malunga nezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni, ezikhetha iziqithi ezingaphantsi kwe-subantarctic ezinemozulu embi kangako. Ii-invertebrates ezifana ne-tardigrades, iintwala, i-nematodes, i-krill kunye ne-microorganisms eyahlukeneyo inokufumaneka kwilizwekazi.

Imithombo ephambili yobomi kule ndawo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezisezantsi kunye nonxweme, kubandakanywa ubomi basemanzini: iminenga eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iminenga ebulalayo, i-squid okanye i-pinnipeds (efana ne-seals okanye ingonyama yolwandle). Kukho neentlobo ezininzi zeepenguin, phakathi kwazo i-emperor penguin, i-king penguin kunye ne-rockhopper penguin.

Amazwe asekelwe e-Antarctica

Uninzi lwabatyikitye iSivumelwano se-Antarctica baneziseko zophando lwezenzululwazi kwilizwekazi. Ezinye zisisigxina, zinabasebenzi abajikelezayo, kwaye ezinye zezonyaka okanye zasehlotyeni, xa amaqondo obushushu kunye nemozulu ingekho mbi kakhulu. Inani leziseko linokwahluka unyaka nonyaka, ukukwazi ukufikelela kwiziseko ze-40 ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo angama-20 (2014).

Uninzi lweziseko zasehlotyeni zezeJamani, eOstreliya, eBrazil, eChile, eChina, eMzantsi Korea, eUnited States, eFransi, eIndiya, eJapan, eNorway, eNew Zealand, eUnited Kingdom, eRussia, ePoland, eMzantsi Afrika, eUkraine, eUruguay, eBulgaria, eSpain, E-Ecuador, eFinland, eSweden, ePakistan, ePeru. Iziseko zasebusika zaseJamani (1), eArgentina (7) naseChile (11) zihlala eAntarctica ebudeni bobusika obuqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Antarctica kunye neempawu zayo.