Inxalenye esemhlabeni yesijikelezi-langa sethu yahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo ukuze kumiselwe imiphezulu emikhulu. La malungu abizwa ngokuba ngamazwekazi. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni amazwekazi, ziziphi iimpawu abanazo kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwazo.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele ukuba yintoni amazwekazi, zithini iimpawu zawo, nayo yonke into enxulumene nokwakheka komhlaba.
yintoni amazwekazi
Xa sithetha ngelizwekazi, sibhekisela kwinxalenye enkulu yomhlaba ephuma elwandle, emikhulu nangaphezu kwezona ziqithi zikhulu.
Igama elithi izwekazi livela kwigama lesiLatini elithi continent, ukusuka kwi-continental terra okanye "umhlaba oqhubekayo". Kodwa imigaqo yokuchaza ukuba yintoni na okanye engeyiyo ilizwekazi ingokwembali kunye nenkcubeko, ngoko itshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha, njengoko itshintshile, nangona kumawaka eminyaka yembali yejoloji yoMhlaba. Indawo yamazwekazi kunye nomgama phakathi kwawo. Enyanisweni, kumaxesha amandulo, onke amazwekazi aye abumba amazwekazi amaninzi abizwa ngokuba yiPangea, iPanodia, njl.
Ngokwejografi, ilizwekazi ngumbutho omkhulu womhlaba wehlabathi, kunye neziqithi ezikude okanye ngaphantsi konxweme zinendawo kulo.
Amazwekazi enziwa kukupholiswa koqweqwe kwaye akhiwe ikakhulu yigranite kunye namatye anxulumeneyo. ngokungafaniyo ne-oceanic crust, elawulwa yi-basalt kunye ne-gabbros. Njengoko indlela yazo yangoku ibonisa, ukubonakala kwazo kwasekuqaleni kubonakala ngathi kwenzeke ngendlela eyahluke kakhulu, njengoko i-continental drift iye iqhubeka ishukuma, iwahlula, iwahlanganisa, yaye yawahlukanisa kangangewaka leminyaka, iguqula imozulu nenkangeleko ebonakalayo yesi sijikelezi-langa.
Mangaphi amazwekazi akhoyo?
Akukho ndlela inye yokudwelisa amazwekazi, njengoko imodeli yelizwekazi ngalinye inombono wayo. Ngoko ke, kukho iimodeli ezinjalo chonga i-4, 5, 6 kunye ne-7 amazwekazi, elona lokugqibela laziwa kakhulu kumazwe antetho isisiNgesi. (eAfrika, eAntarctica, eMzantsi Melika, eAsia, eYurophu, eMntla Melika naseOceania); kunye nesi-6 (ukumanya iUnited States); kunye nakwimimandla ethile ye-geological, i-5 yamkelwe, ifana ngakumbi namacwecwe e-tectonic (edibanisa iYurophu ne-Asia kwilizwekazi elifanayo, i-Eurasia).
Kutshanje (2017), ithiyori iphakamise ukuba kukho nelizwekazi elibizwa ngokuba yiZelandia, elaliza kuntywiliselwa emanzini oLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo.
Afrika
"Ilizwekazi eliMnyama", elibizwa ngokuba "ilizwekazi eliMnyama" ngenxa yokuphakama kohlanga lwabemi bayo, lilizwekazi lokuqala loluntu, indawo apho iHomo sapiens yaqala ukubona ihlabathi. Ilizwekazi lidityaniswe ne-Asiya yi-Isthmus yaseSuez kwaye yahlulwe kwiYurophu yiStrait yaseGibraltar kunye noLwandle lweMeditera. Imida yayo yolwandle yile: uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ngasentshona kunye noLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ngasempuma. Inommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-30.272.922 (20,4% yomhlaba osakhulayo) kwaye likhaya kwi-15% yabemi behlabathi, malunga ne-1.000 yezigidi zabemi, abasasazeke kumazwe angama-54.
America
Ngokwemveli yahlulwe yaba yimimandla emithathu yejografi: kuMntla, kuMbindi noMzantsi Merika, kwenziwe ngamazwe angama-35, eli lizwekazi libizwa ngokuba “liLizwe elitsha” ngenxa yokuba ubukho balo eAsia naseYurophu lwalungaziwa de kwayinkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu. Yavela kwi-hominids yase-Asiya kumawaka eminyaka emva kokuba imiwe. Ngokwendawo, iMelika ijikelezwe luLwandlekazi lweArctic yomkhenkce ukuya emantla, yahlulwe kwiAntarctica yiDrake Passage emazantsi, kwaye ijikelezwe luLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kunye nePasifiki ukuya empuma nasentshona, ngokulandelelanayo. Lilizwekazi lesibini emhlabeni elinommandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-43.316.000. (ilingana ne-30,2% yendawo evelileyo) kunye nezindlu malunga ne-12% yabantu.
Asia
Elona lizwekazi likhulu nelona linabantu abaninzi emhlabeni, elinendawo ye malunga ne-45 yezigidi zeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha (ngaphezu kwe-30% yendawo eveziweyo) kunye ne-4.000 yezigidi zabemi (i-69% yabemi behlabathi) isasazeke kumazwe angama-49, ibekwe kwisiqingatha esisempuma se-hemisphere esemantla, ijikelezwe yi-Arctic Ocean ukuya emantla, i-Indian Ocean ukuya emazantsi, kunye ne-Pacific Ocean ukuya empuma. Nangona ngokwezelizwe ililizwekazi elahlukileyo ngokwezelizwe, lenza umhlaba omnye kunye neYurophu kunye nalapho yakhe yakha i-Eurasian supercontinent. IAsia yahlulwe eAfrika yiIsthmus yaseSuez, equka inani elikhulu leziqithi phakathi kwePasifiki nolwandlekazi lwaseIndiya.
Europe
Ukudityaniswa ne-Asiya kumhlaba ofanayo, kodwa ngokwejografi ibekwe kumantla-mbindi weNdawo yoMntla weHemisphere, lilizwekazi laseYurophu, elithe indawo epheleleyo ye-10.530.751 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha (6,8% yendawo yomhlaba) kunye nabemi be-743.704.000 yabemi (kuphela i-11% yabemi behlabathi) Isasazwe kumazwe angaphezu kwama-50. IYurophu ijikelezwe luLwandle lweMeditera ukuya emazantsi, uLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya ngasentshona, iAsia kunye noMbindi Mpuma ukuya empuma, kunye noLwandle lweBaltic kunye noLwandlekazi lweArctic ukuya emantla. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obuncinci, iYurophu idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwikamva loluntu ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo, ngakumbi ngenxa yemfundiso ye-imperialism ukusuka kwi-XNUMX ukuya kwi-XNUMXth inkulungwane.
Oceania
Eli lizwekazi lesiqithi elikumzantsi-mpuma we-hemisphere esemazantsi lelona lincinane kwi-9,008,458 square kilometers. Nangona kunjalo, likhaya kubemi abamalunga nama-40.117.432 abasasazeke kumazwe ali-15 kwishelufa yelizwekazi (eOstreliya) nakwiziqithi ezincinci kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki (eNew Zealand, eNew Guinea, eMicronesia, eMelanesia nasePolynesia). Ijikelezwe luLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya ngasentshona, uLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ngasempuma, iAntarctica emazantsi, kunye neziqithi ezikumazantsi eAsia ukuya emantla.
Antarctica
Ilizwekazi elisemazantsi eMhlabeni liphantse libe kwi-South Pole kwaye linendawo eyi-14.000.000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, apho kuphela i-280.000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha ezigqunywe ngumkhenkce ehlotyeni. Ngaloo ndlela, yayililizwekazi lokugqibela ukufunyanwa kunye nekoloniyali ngabantu, yayingenabemi bayo, yatyelelwa zizazinzulu ezimbalwa, amajoni kunye neengcali, abantu abangekho ngaphezu kwe-5.000, basasaza iziseko ze-60 kumazwe ahlukeneyo angama-30.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni amazwekazi kunye neempawu zawo.