Umaleko womoya

Njengoko sibonile kwiposti yangaphambili, ifayile ye- IPlanethi yomhlaba Inamanqwanqwa amaninzi angaphakathi nangaphandle kwaye enziwe ziinkqubo ezine ezingaphantsi. Inkqubo ye- Umaleko woMhlaba babekwinkqubo esezantsi ye-geosphere. Kwelinye icala, sasinayo indawo yokuhlala, loo ndawo yoMhlaba apho ubomi bukhula khona. Ihydrosphere yayiyinxalenye yoMhlaba apho kukho amanzi. Sinezinye iinkqubo ezisezantsi zeplanethi, iatmosfera. Zithini izaleko zomoya? Masibone.

Umoya ngumaleko weegesi ezingqonge uMhlaba kwaye unemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwale misebenzi yinyani yezindlu isixa seoksijini esiyimfuneko ukuze siphile. Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo onayo umoya ophilayo kukusikhusela kwimitha yelanga nakwizinto ezingaphandle ezisuka emajukujukwini ezinje ngeemeteorites ezincinci okanye iiasteroids.

Ubume bomoya

Iatmosfera yenziwe ngeegesi ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ininzi iqulathe initrogen (78%), kodwa le nitrogen ayithathi cala, oko kukuthi, siyayiphefumla kodwa asiyenzi imetabolism okanye siyisebenzisele nantoni na. Into esiyisebenzisayo ukuhlala kukuba ioksijini ifumaneka kwi-21%. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kwiplanethi, ngaphandle kwezinto ze-anaerobic, zifuna ioksijini ukuze ziphile. Okokugqibela, iatmosfera inayo uxinzelelo oluphantsi kakhulu (1%) Ukusuka kwezinye iigesi ezifana nomphunga wamanzi, iargon, kunye nekhabhon diokside.

Njengoko sibonile kwinqaku ku Uxinzelelo lomoya, umoya unzima, kwaye ke, kukho umoya omninzi kumaleko asezantsi e-atmosfera kuba umoya ovela phezulu utyhala umoya ongezantsi kwaye uxinene ngaphezulu. Kungenxa yoko I-75% yobunzima bebonke bomoya imi phakathi komhlaba kunye neekhilomitha zokuqala ezili-11 ukuphakama. Njengokuba sikhula phezulu, iatmosferi iya isiba mbinana kwaye iyacutheka, nangona kunjalo, akukho migca iphawula iindawo ezahlukeneyo zomoya, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukwakheka kunye neemeko ziyatshintsha. Umgca kaKarman, malunga ne-100 km ukuphakama, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuphela komoya ojikeleze umhlaba kunye nesiqalo sangaphandle.

Zithini izaleko zomoya?

Njengoko besesiphawulile ngaphambili, njengokuba sinyuka, sidibana nezahlulo ezahlukileyo zomoya onazo. Nganye inokubumba kwayo, uxinano kunye nomsebenzi. Umoya unemiqolo emihlanu: I-troposphere, i-stratosphere, i-mesosphere, i-thermosphere kunye ne-exosphere.

Troposphere

Uluhlu lokuqala lweatmosfera yitroposphere kwaye ngu kufutshane nomphezulu womhlaba kwaye ke, kukolu luhlu siphila kulo. Iyakhula ukusuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10-15 km ukuphakama. Kukwi-troposphere apho ubomi bukhula khona kwiplanethi. Ngaphaya kwetroposphere iimeko sukuvumela ukukhula kobomi. Iqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo lweatmosfera luyancipha kwi-troposphere njengoko sisonyusa ukuphakama esikuko.

Iziganeko zemozulu njengoko sizazi zenzeka kwi-troposphere, kuba amafu aqala apho. Ezi meko zemozulu zenziwa bubushushu obungalinganiyo obubangelwa lilanga kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomhlaba. Le meko ibangela Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga kunye nomoya, Ezihamba notshintsho kuxinzelelo nakubushushu, zibangela iinkanyamba. Iinqwelomoya zibhabha ngaphakathi kwi-troposphere kwaye njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, ngaphandle kwetroposphere akukho mafu, ngoko akukho zimvula okanye izaqhwithi.

Kwindawo ephezulu yetroposphere sifumana umaleko womda obizwa ngokuba ukuyeka. Kolu luhlu lwemida, amaqondo obushushu afikelela kumaxabiso asezantsi azinzileyo. Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwenzululwazi lubiza olu luhlu njengoko "Umaleko wobushushu" Kuba ukusuka apha, umphunga wamanzi kwi-troposphere awunakunyuka uqhubeke, njengoko ubanjisiwe xa utshintsha ukusuka kumphunga uye kwi-ice. Ukuba akunjalo ngenxa ye-tropopause, iplanethi yethu inokuphulukana namanzi esinawo njengoko evaphuka kwaye afudukele kwindawo engaphandle. Unokuthi indawo yokubambeka kwindawo ethintelweyo ngumqobo ongabonakaliyo ogcina iimeko zethu zizinzile kwaye uvumela amanzi ukuba ahlale ngaphakathi kuthi.

Ubume bendawo

Ukuqhubeka nokwakheka komoya, ngoku sifumana i-stratosphere. Ifunyenwe kwindawo yokuma kwaye iyaqhubeka ukusuka kwi-10-15 km ukuphakama ukuya kwi-45-50 km. Iqondo lobushushu kwi-stratosphere liphezulu kwinxalenye ephezulu kunakwindawo esezantsi kuba njengoko isonyuka ukuphakama, ithatha imitha yelanga ngakumbi kunye nobushushu bakho buyanda. Koko kukuthi, Ukuziphatha kweqondo lobushushu kwindawo ephezulu kuyaphikisana naleyo ikwi-troposphere. Iqala ngokuzinza kodwa iphantsi kwaye njengoko ukuphakama kunyuka, iqondo lobushushu liyonyuka.

Ukufakwa kwemitha yokukhanya kungenxa Uluhlu lweozone esiphakathi kwama-30 nama-40 eekhilomitha ukuphakama. Uluhlu lwe-ozone aluyonto ngaphandle kwendawo apho uxinizelelo lwe-ozone ye-stratospheric luphezulu kakhulu kunakwimeko-bume iphela yomoya. I-ozone yintoni iyasikhusela kwimitha yelanga eyingoziKodwa ukuba i-ozone yenzeka emhlabeni, sisingcolisi esomeleleyo somhlaba esibangela ulusu, ukuphefumla kunye nezifo zentliziyo.

Kwi-stratosphere akukho nto ihamba kuyo kwicala lomoya, kodwa imimoya kwicala elithe tyaba inokufikelela rhoqo i-200 km / h. Ingxaki ngalo moya kukuba nantoni na efikelela kwi-stratosphere isasazekile kwiplanethi yonke. Umzekelo woku zii-CFC. Ezi gesi zidibene neklorine kunye nefluorine zitshabalalisa i-ozone layer kwaye zisasazeka kwiplanethi yonke ngenxa yomoya onamandla ovela kwi-stratosphere.

Ekupheleni kwetrafti yeli lizwe ngu indawo yokuhambahamba. Yindawo yomoya apho kugxininisa khona ukuphela kweozone kunye namaqondo obushushu azinza kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-0 degrees Celsius). Istratopause yeyona inika indlela kwi-mesosphere.

Indawo

Ngumaleko womoya oqala kwi-50 km ukuya ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-80 km. Ukuziphatha kobushushu kwi-mesosphere kuyafana ne-troposphere, kuba yehla kwindawo ephezulu. Lo maleko womoya, nangona kubanda, iyakwazi ukumisa ama-meteorites Njengokuba bewela emoyeni apho batshisa khona, ngale ndlela bashiya imikhondo yomlilo esibhakabhakeni ebusuku.

I-mesosphere lelona layini lincinci lomoya, ukusukela oko iqulethe kuphela i-0,1% yobunzima bomoya bebonke kwaye kuwo amaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi -80 degrees anokufikelelwa. Ukuphendula okubalulekileyo kweekhemikhali kwenzeka kulo maleko kwaye ngenxa yokuxinana komoya, iziphithiphithi ezahlukahlukeneyo zenziwa ezinceda iziphekepheke xa zibuyela eMhlabeni, kuba ziqala ukuqaphela ubume bemimoya yangasemva kwaye ayisiyiyo kuphela i-brake aerodynamic. yenqanawa.

Ekupheleni kwemesosphere ngu mesopause. Ngumaleko womda owahlula i-mesosphere kunye ne-thermosphere. Ime malunga ne-85-90 km ukuphakama kwaye kuyo iqondo lobushushu lizinzile kwaye liphantsi kakhulu. I-Chemiluminescence kunye neempendulo ze-aeroluminescence zenzeka kolu luhlu.

Umgangatho womoya

Ngowona maleko ubanzi womoya. Isusela kwi I-80-90 km ukuya kwi-640 km. Okwangoku, akukho nanye umoya oshiyekileyo kwaye amasuntswana akhoyo kulo maleko aboniswe ngemitha yelanga. Olu luhlu lubizwa ngokuba indawo yendalo ngenxa yokungqubana kweeon ezenzeka kuyo. Ionosphere inefuthe elikhulu kwi ukwanda kwamaza erediyo. Inxalenye yamandla ekhutshwe ngumthumeli oya kwi-ionosphere ifunxwa ngumoya omoya kwaye enye iye yaphindwa, okanye yaphambuka, yabuya yabuyela kumphezulu womhlaba.

Iqondo lobushushu kwi-thermosphere liphezulu kakhulu, lifikelela ukuya kuthi ga kumawaka ama-degrees Celsius. Onke amasuntswana afunyenwe kwi-thermosphere ahlawulwa kakhulu ngamandla avela kwimitha yelanga. Sifumanisa ukuba iigesi azisasazekanga ngokulinganayo njengoko kunjalo kumaleko angaphambili omoya.

Kwi-thermosphere esiyifumanayo imagnetosphere. Ngulo mmandla womoya apho umhlaba womxhuzulane usikhusela khona kumoya welanga.

Umhlaba ongaphandle

Indawo zokugqibela zemoya yomoya ongaphandle. Olu lolona luhlu lude kakhulu kunomphezulu womhlaba kwaye ngenxa yokuphakama kwalo, lolona lungagungqiyo kwaye ke lona ngokwalo aluqwalaselwa njengomaleko womoya. Okungaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kuyandiswa phakathi kwama-600-800 km ukuphakama ukuya kwi-9.000-10.000 km. Lo maleko womoya yile nto yahlula uMhlaba kuMkhathi kwaye kuyasinda kuzo iiathom. Iqulethwe ikakhulu yi-hydrogen.

Njengokuba ubona, iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zenzeka kumaleko omoyas kwaye banemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukusuka emvuleni, imimoya kunye noxinzelelo, ngokusebenzisa umaleko we-ozone kunye nemitha ye-ultraviolet, ngasinye somaleko somoya sinomsebenzi wawo owenza ubomi kwiplanethi njengoko sisazi.

Imbali yomoya

La iatmosfera esiyaziyo namhlanje bekungasoloko kunje. Kudlule izigidi zeminyaka okoko kwasungulwa uMhlaba ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kwaye oku kubangele utshintsho kubume bomoya.

Umoya wokuqala womhlaba ukuba ubekhona uvele kweyona mvula inkulu kunye nehlala ixesha elide embalini eyakha iilwandle. Ukubunjwa komoya ngaphambi kobomi njengoko sazi ukuba kwavela kwakwenziwe ikakhulu yimethane. Emva koko, iyenzeka ngaphezulu kwe-2.300 yezigidi zeminyaka, izinto eziphilayo ezasindayo kwezi meko zaziphila imethanogens kunye nee-anoxicsOko kukuthi, bebengadingi oksijini ukuze baphile. Namhlanje i-methanogens ihlala kwiintlanzi zamachibi okanye kwizisu zeenkomo apho kungekho oksijini. Iplanethi yoMhlaba yayisencinci kakhulu kwaye ilanga lalikhanya kancinci, nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lweemethane emoyeni malunga namaxesha angama-600 ngaphezu kwale yanamhlanje nongcoliseko. Oko kuguqulelwe kwimpembelelo yegreenhouse eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikwazi ukonyusa amaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, kuba imethane igcina ubushushu obuninzi.

Emva kwexesha, ngokwanda kwe- icyanobacteria kunye ne-algae, Iplanethi yazaliswa yioksijini yatshintsha ukwenziwa komoya kude kube, kancinci kancinci, kwaba yinto esinayo namhlanje. Ndiyabulela kwi-tectonics yeplate, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwamazwekazi kube negalelo ekusasazeni i-carbonate kuwo onke amalungu oMhlaba. Kungenxa yoko le nto iatmosferi yaguqulwa ukusuka kwimeko yokuncipha yaya kwioksijini. Uxinzelelo lweoksijini lwalubonisa iincopho eziphakamileyo nezisezantsi de kwahlala ngaphezulu okanye kancinci kuxinzelelo lwe-15%.