Utshintsho lwekhemikhali

utshintsho lwekhemikhali

Utshintsho lwekhemikhali lutshintsho lwento etshintsha ubume bayo bemichiza, oko kukuthi, itshintsha iipropathi zayo, hayi nje ukumila kwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba utshintsho lweekhemikhali, olukwabizwa ngokuba yi-chemical reaction okanye i-chemical phenomenon, ibandakanya ukuqhawula kunye nokwenza amabhondi ekhemikhali kwinto enye okanye i-compound ukwenza into entsha okanye i-compound. Zininzi utshintsho lwekhemikhali ehlabathini

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iinguqu eziphambili zeekhemikhali ezikhoyo kunye nomzekelo wazo.

Yintoni utshintsho lwemichiza?

inkqubo yokutshisa

Xa izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (ezibizwa ngokuba zii-reactants okanye ii-reactants) bangene kwi-chemical reaction, betshintsha ubume bekhemikhali kwinkqubo kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa (endothermic reactions) okanye ukukhululwa (exothermic reactions) amandla, ukuvelisa izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu (ezibizwa ngokuba yimveliso). Ezinye iikhemikhali ziyingozi ebantwini kuba zinokubandakanya okanye zivelise iikhompawundi eziyityhefu okanye ezidlekayo. Okunye ukusabela, okufana nokuchasana nobushushu, kunokubangela uqhushumbo.

Kwishishini lemichiza, izinto ezininzi esizisebenzisayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla ziveliswa ngokusabela kweekhemikhali ezilawulwayo. Ezinye iintshukumo zenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo, ezinye kufuneka ziveliswe ngabantu kwimizi-mveliso okanye kwiilebhu zemichiza. Ukusabela kweekhemikhali kuthatha ixesha elithile ukuba kwenzeke. kuxhomekeke kubume be-reactants kunye neemeko apho ukusabela kwenzeka.

Ke ngoko, izinto ezichaphazela ireyithi yokusabela kweekhemikhali ngokubanzi ziquka:

  • Iqondo lobushushu liyenyuka. Ukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu kudla ngokunyusa izinga lokusabela kweekhemikhali.
  • ukwanda koxinzelelo. Ukwandisa uxinzelelo ngokubanzi kwandisa izinga lokusabela kweekhemikhali. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka xa izinto ezivakalelwa kukutshintsha koxinzelelo, njengeegesi, zisabela. Kwimeko yolwelo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo, utshintsho loxinzelelo alubangeli utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumazinga abo okusabela.
  • Imeko yokudityaniswa kwe-reagent. Izinto eziqinileyo zidla ngokucotha ngakumbi kunolwelo okanye iigesi, nangona isantya sikwaxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwakhona kwento nganye.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-catalyst. Zizinto ezisetyenziselwa ukunyusa isantya sokuphendula kweekhemikhali. Ezi zinto aziphazamisi ukusabela, zilawula nje izinga apho ukusabela kwenzeka. Kukwakho nezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-inhibitors, ezisetyenziswa ngendlela efanayo kodwa zibe nefuthe elichaseneyo, zithothisa ukusabela.
  • amandla okukhanya. Ezinye iikhemikhali ziyakhawuleza xa ukukhanya kusithela.
  • Ugxininiso lwe-reagent. Uninzi lweekhemikhali zenzeke ngokukhawuleza ukuba ugxininiso lwe-reactants luphezulu.

Imizekelo yoTshintsho lweMichiza

utshintsho lwemichiza imizekelo

Nakuphi na ukusabela kweekhemikhali ngumzekelo ogqibeleleyo wokutshintsha kweekhemikhali, kwanazo zenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu. Eminye imizekelo yile:

  • Ukuphefumla. Le yinkqubo yebhayoloji eguqulwe ngokwekhemikhali apho ioksijini ithathwa emoyeni kwaye isetyenziselwa ukusabela ngeglucose esiyifumana ekutyeni, ivelisa amandla aphezulu ekhemikhali (ATP) kunye nezixa ezikhulu zenkunkuma yecarbon dioxide (CO2). ikhutshiwe.
  • Ukuwa kwekhephu. Yenzeka kwiindawo ezinongcoliseko lomoya. Kudla ngokuba ngumphumo wokutshintsha kweekhemikhali phakathi kwamanzi agcinwe emafini kunye nezinye iigesi ezisasazwe emoyeni, i<em>sulfur oxide okanye i<em>nitrogen oxide content yenza i<em>sulfuric acid okanye i<em>nitric acid ewela ngamanzi emvula ukuze yenze ityuwa. Ukusabela okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwebhetri kuphakathi kweasidi kunye nentsimbi. Umzekelo, ibhetri esebenzisa ilothe kunye nesulfuric acid ivelisa ilothe (II) sulfate, ityuwa emhlophe. Ukubola kwe-ozone. Iimolekyuli ze-ozone ziqhekeka zibe ziimolekyuli zeoksijini phantsi kwesenzo sohlobo oluthile lokukhanya.

Ukutshintsha kweekhemikhali kunye nokutshintsha komzimba

utshintsho emzimbeni

Ukutshintsha kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwi-substance ayitshintshi ukubunjwa kwayo, oko kukuthi, ayitshintshi i-chemical structure ye-substance, ngoko ke izinto azikwazi ukuchithwa okanye zenziwe ngeenguqu zomzimba. Utshintsho olwenzekayo lutshintsha ngokulula iipropathi ezibonakalayo zematter, ezinje ngemilo, ingxinano, kunye nemeko yokudityaniswa (okuqinileyo, ulwelo, igesi). Utshintsho lomzimba, kwelinye icala, Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokuba zitshintsha ukumila okanye imeko yento, kodwa kungekhona ukubunjwa kwayo.

Ngokomzekelo, xa amanzi ebila, sinokujika ulwelo lube yigesi, kodwa umphunga ophumayo useyilwe ziimolekyuli zamanzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba siwakhenkceza amanzi, aba lukhuni, kodwa ngokwemichiza aseyinto enye.

Omnye umzekelo ngu irhasi enyibilikisiweyo esiyisebenzisa kwizilayishi zethu zecuba, ngokuqhelekileyo i-butane (C4H10) okanye ipropane (C3H8) ejika ulwelo xa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lusetyenziswa, kodwa alutshintshi ukwakheka kweekhemikhali.

Utshintsho lwekhemikhali lutshintsha ulungelelwaniso kunye nokudityaniswa kwee-athomu kwinto ukuze zihlangane ngendlela eyahlukileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinto eyahlukileyo kuneyokuqala. Xa utshintsho lwekhemikhali lwenzeka, uhlala uphela kunye nesixa esifanayo sezinto oqale ngazo, nokuba zikwinqanaba elahlukileyo, kuba into ayinakudalwa okanye itshatyalaliswe, iguqulwe kuphela.

Umzekelo, ukuba sisabela emanzini (H2O) kunye ne-potassium (K), siya kufumana izinto ezimbini ezintsha: i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) kunye negesi ye-hydrogen (H2). Oku kusabela okukhupha ngokubanzi amandla amaninzi kwaye ngoko kuyingozi kakhulu.

Imizekelo yotshintsho lweekhemikhali kwimiba

Ukubhaka amaqebengwana okanye iikeyiki

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezifana necookies, iikeyiki, iikeyiki, njl. ukufihla isenzo samachiza esibizwa ngokuba yi-fermentation, apho intlama iphakama ngenxa yeegesi eziveliswa yigwele. Ekwenzeni isonka, igwele liguqula istatshi sibe yiglucose.

Ukwetyisa

Ukwetyiswa kokutya ngumzekelo ocacileyo wokutshintsha kweekhemikhali kwimiba nge-hydrolysis (ukuqhekeka kwezinto eziphilayo ngesenzo samanzi). Ukutya esikutyayo kwiziqhamo, imifuno, inyama, njl. badlula kwinkqubo yokuxuba kunye nejusi yesisu ukuze bafunxe ngcono izondlo kwaye ziguqulelwe kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ngokweemfuno zezinto eziphilayo.

Kwinkqubo efanayo, izinto ezingaphezulu okanye i-toxins zikhutshwa kwi-organism ngendlela eyahlukileyo kuneyokuqala; ngendlela yelindle, umchamo, ukubila, njl.

IPulque

Ukuvundisa yinkqubo ye-catabolic apho iimolekyuli zeglucose ziqhekeka ngenxa yokungabikho kweoksijini. Ezinye zeziselo ezinxilisayo ezifunyanwa ngenkqubo yokubiliswa yicider, ibhiya, newayini ethambileyo, esesona siselo samvayo sesinye sezona ziselo zingaziwayo ehlabathini. I-Pulque ifumaneka kwisityalo se-agave ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yezobugcisal, apho ukuvuthwa kwezinto kungundoqo ekufumaneni imveliso yokugqibela, emhlophe, emuncu kunye ne-viscous, ene-flavour ecacileyo kakhulu engahambelani nayiphi na inkalakahla.

Ukuvubela kwenzeka ngexesha lokwenziwa kwesonka, iyogathi, kunye netshizi, phakathi kwabanye.

ICaramel

I-Caramel ngumzekelo osisiseko wenguqu yeekhemikhali kwizinto, njengoko iswekile emhlophe eqinile, ishushu imizuzu embalwa, ijika ibe yi-amber-colored goo kunye nephunga elimnandi. Ngamanye amazwi, imveliso ehluke ngokupheleleyo kweyokuqala yenziwa.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neenguqu zeekhemikhali kunye nemizekelo yazo.


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