uqweqwe lolwandle

La uqweqwe lolwandle Yinxalenye yoqweqwe loMhlaba egqunywe lulwandle. Sisibini esithathwini sobukhulu bomphezulu woMhlaba, kodwa awuphononongwa kancinci kunomphezulu wenyanga. Kunye ne-continental crust, i-oceanic crust yahlula umphezulu woMhlaba kwi-mantle, umaleko wangaphakathi weplanethi oqulethe izinto ezishushu nezincamathelayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi cortices zimbini zahluke kakhulu omnye komnye.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga ne-oceanic crust, imvelaphi yayo kunye neempawu.

Ubume be-oceanic crust

Ubukhulu obuphakathi koqweqwe lolwandle ziimitha ezingama-7.000, ngelixa ubukhulu be-avareji ye-continental crust yi-35.000 yeemitha. Ukongeza, iipleyiti zolwandle zincinci kakhulu: ziqikelelwa ukuba zimalunga ne-180 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eyi-3.500 yeebhiliyoni zeeplate zelizwekazi.

Mandulo, abantu babekholelwa ukuba ezantsi elwandle lithafa elikhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ekuhambeni kweminyaka, isayensi iye yakwazi ukumisela ukuba ulwandle oluphezulu luneendlela zomhlaba, kanye njenge-continental crust.

Emazantsi olwandle ungafumana iintaba, iintaba-mlilo kunye nemisele. Kwakhona, kwezinye iimeko, iinyikima ezinamandla kunye neentaba-mlilo zinokuvakala nakwilizwekazi.

Imida yelizwekazi kunye namathambeka

Nangona i-oceanic crust kucingelwa ukuba yinxalenye yomhlaba ogqunywe lulwandle, kufanelekile ukuqwalasela ukuba ayiqalisi ncam elunxwemeni. Enyanisweni, iimitha zokuqala emva konxweme nazo ziyi-continental crust. Indawo yokuqala yokwenyani yoqweqwe lolwandle ibekwe kwithambeka eliziimitha ezimbalwa okanye iikhilomitha ukusuka elunxwemeni. La mathambeka abizwa ngokuba ngamathambeka kwaye angabanzulu kangangeemitha ezingama-4.000.

Isithuba esiphakathi konxweme kunye nethambeka sibizwa ngokuba ngumda welizwekazi. Ubunzulu bala manzi abukho ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-200 kwaye aqulethe ezona ntlobo zininzi zezinto eziphila elwandle.

umqolo ophakathi kolwandle

Imiqengqelezi yimiqolo emgangathweni wolwandle eyenza xa i-magma esuka kwi-mantle inyuka isiya kuqweqwe kwaye yophuka. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, le ntshukumo ikwazile ukwenza iintaba ezinde ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezingama-80.000.

Iincopho zezi ntaba zigqabhukile, kwaye i<em>magma ihlala iphuma kwingubo yokwaleka. Ngenxa yoko, i-oceanic crust ihlala ihlaziywa, nto leyo echaza ukuba kutheni incinci kakhulu kune-continental crust.

Ngenxa yolu qhushululu lwentaba-mlilo, ezi nduli zikhula de ziphume elwandle, zenza imilo efana ne-Easter Island ekwi-East Pacific Ridge kunye neZiqithi zeGalapagos ezikwiChilean Oceanic Ridge.

amathafa asezantsi

Ithafa lenzonzobila yindawo ethe tyaba phakathi kwethambeka lelizwekazi kunye nombindi wolwandle. Ubunzulu bayo buhluka phakathi kwe-3.000 kunye ne-5.000 yeemitha. Zigqunywe ngumaleko wentlenga ye-continental crustal egquma ngokupheleleyo umhlaba. Ngaloo ndlela, zonke iimpawu zejografi zifihliwe, zinika imbonakalo ethe tyaba ngokupheleleyo.

Kobu bunzulu, ngenxa yomgama osuka elangeni, amanzi ayabanda kwaye nemekobume imnyama. Ezi mpawu azizange zithintele ubomi ekukhuleni emathafeni, nangona kunjalo, imizekelo efumaneka kule mimandla yayineempawu zomzimba ezahluke kakhulu kwezo zifumaneka kwezinye iilwandle.

Iiguyots ze-oceanic crust

Iiguyots ziintaba ezinemithi enemithi ezincopho zithe zacaba. Zimi kumbindi wethafa lenzonzobila kwaye zinokufikelela kubude obuziimitha ezingama-3.000 kunye nobubanzi obuziimitha ezingama-10.000.. Ukumila kwazo okungaqhelekanga kuvela xa zifikelela kumphezulu owaneleyo umphezulu kwaye amaza azikhukulise kancinane de zibe ngumphezulu othe tyaba. La maza aye agugisa iincopho zeentaba kangangokuba maxa wambi ziye zintywiliselwe kwiimitha ezingama-200 ngaphantsi komhlaba.

imisele yaselwandle okanye enzonzobileni

Imijelo ye-Abyssal imxinwa, iintanda ezinzulu kumgangatho wolwandle, ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhilomitha ezininzi ubunzulu. Ziyilwe kukungqubana kweetectonic plates ezimbini, yiyo loo nto zihlala zikhatshwa yintaba-mlilo kunye nenyikima, enokubangela amaza amakhulu, athi ngamanye amaxesha avakalelwe kumazwekazi. Enyanisweni, imisele emininzi ifumaneka kufuphi ne-continental crust kuba idalwe kukuntlitheka kwamacwecwe olwandle kunye nelizwekazi.

Ngokukodwa kumda osentshona woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, owona msele unzulu emhlabeni: iMariana Trench, engaphezulu kwe-11.000 yeemitha ubunzulu.

Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi ngaphantsi kwamanzi kuqweqwe lolwandle

Kuyo yonke imbali, i-oceanic crust ibe yenye yezona mfihlakalo zibalaseleyo zoluntu, ngenxa yobunzima bokuntywila kwindawo ebandayo, enzulu yolwandle. Yiyo loo nto inzululwazi inzima emsebenzini ukuyila iinkqubo ezintsha zokuqonda ngcono ijografi yomgangatho wolwandle kunye nokuba yaqala njani.

Iinzame zokuqala zokuqonda indawo ephantsi kolwandle yayizintsonkotha: ukusuka ngo-1972 ukuya ku-1976, izazinzulu ezazikhwele i-HMS Challenger zasebenzisa intambo engama-400 ubude. ukuyintywilisela elwandle kwaye ulinganise indawo yayo esezantsi.

Ngale ndlela, banokufunda ngobunzulu, kodwa inkqubo kufuneka iphindwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ukwenza imephu yomgangatho wolwandle. Kakade ke, lo msebenzi ubiza imali eninzi kwaye uyadinisa. Nangona kunjalo, le teknoloji ibonakala iyinto yakudala ivumele abantu ukuba bafumane eyona ndawo inzulu kuwo wonke umhlaba - iMariana Trench.

Namhlanje, kukho iindlela ezintsonkothileyo. Ngokomzekelo, izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown zakwazi ukuchaza umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kwindawo ephakathi kolwandle ngokusebenzisa izifundo zeenyikima kwiGulf of California.

Olu phononongo kunye nolunye uphando oluxhaswa zizixhobo zenzululwazi ezifana ne-seismographs kunye neesonars zikhokelela ekuqondeni okukhulayo kweemfihlelo ezinzulu zolwandle., kwanokuba akunakwenzeka ukuzifaka kuyo.

Njengoko ubona, ngenxa yetekhnoloji sinokufunda ngakumbi malunga noqweqwe lolwandle kwaye sifunde ngakumbi malunga neplanethi yethu. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-oceanic crust, imvelaphi kunye neempawu.