Esinye sezikimu ezibonakalayo zokuhlela izinto kwihlabathi lezenzululwazi yitheyibhile yamaxesha. Ukuba sihlalutya ngokubanzi kwaye ngendlela elula siyabona ukuba Umzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell injengetheyibhile yamaxesha, kodwa iinkwenkwezi. Ngalo mzobo sinokufumana iqela leenkwenkwezi kwaye sibone apho ihlelwa khona ngokweempawu zayo. Ndiyabulela koku, kuye kwakho ukubanakho ukuqhubela phambili ngokubonakalayo kunye nokuhlelwa kwamaqela ahlukeneyo eenkwenkwezi akhoyo.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela zonke iimpawu nokubaluleka komzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell.
Iimpawu kunye nokusebenza
Siza kuzama ukuqonda ukuba umzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell usebenza njani kwaye uqulethe ntoni. Izembe ezibini kwigrafu zilinganisa izinto ezahlukeneyo. I-axis ethe tye ilinganisa izikali ezibini ezinokushwankathelwa kwenye. Xa sisiya ezantsi, masilinganise ubushushu benkwenkwezi kwiidigri uKelvin ukusuka kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu ukuya kumaqondo asezantsi.
Phezulu sibona into eyahlukileyo. Kukho inani lamacandelo ngalinye liphawulwe ngawo ileta: O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Olu luhlobo lwembonakalo. Kuthetha ukuba ngumbala weenkwenkwezi. Njengombane we-electromagnetic spectrum, isusela kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya kumbala obomvu. Omabini la manani abonisa ngokufanayo kwaye ayavumelana omnye nomnye kuba uhlobo lwenkangeleko lumiselwa bubushushu benkwenkwezi. Njengokuba iqondo lobushushu lisanda, umbala wayo nawo uyatshintsha. Iphuma ebomvu ukuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphambi kokuya kwiitoni eziorenji kunye ezimhlophe. Kolu hlobo lomzobo unokuthelekisa ngokulula ukuba bubuphi umbala obushushu benkwenkwezi onokulingana nawo.
Kwelinye icala, kwi-axis ethe nkqo yomzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell sibona ukuba ilinganisa umbono ofanayo. Kubonakaliswe kwizikali ezahlukeneyo ezinjengokukhanya. Kwicala lasekhohlo Ukukhanya kulinganiswa ngokuthatha ilanga njengesalathiso. Ngale ndlela, ukuqondwa okunomdla ngokufanelekileyo kokukhanya kwezinye iinkwenkwezi kuququzelelwa kwaye ilanga lithathwa njengesalathiso. Kulula ukubona ukuba inkwenkwezi ikhanya ngakumbi okanye incinci kunelanga kuba sinayo ngokulula xa kufikwa ekuyiboneni. Isikali esifanelekileyo sinendlela echanekileyo ethe kratya yokulinganisa ukukhanya kunenye. Inokulinganiswa ngobukhulu ngokupheleleyo. Xa sijonga iinkwenkwezi zehlathi unomatse omnye kunabanye. Ngokucacileyo, kumaxesha amaninzi oku kwenzeka kuba iinkwenkwezi zidibana kumgama owahlukileyo hayi ngenxa yokuba elinye likhanya kunomnye.
Khanya inkwenkwezi
Xa sishiya isibhakabhaka, siyabona ukuba ezinye iinkwenkwezi zikhanya ngokuqaqambileyo, kodwa kwenzeka kuphela ngokwembono yethu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba bubukhulu obubonakalayo, nangona bunomahluko omncinci: ubungakanani obubonakalayo benkwenkwezi benziwa ngokulungisa Ixabiso eliya kuba nokukhanya ngaphandle kwendalo, hayi ngaphakathi. Ngale ndlela, ubukhulu obubonakalayo abuzukubonisa ukukhanya okwenyani okwenkwenkwezi. Ke ngoko, isikali esifana neso sikumzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell asinakusetyenziswa.
Ukuze ukwazi ukulinganisa ukukhanya kweenkwenkwezi kakuhle, ubukhulu obukhulu kufuneka busetyenziswe. Inokuba bubungakanani obubonakalayo bokuba inkwenkwezi iya kuba ne-10 parsecs kude. Zonke iinkwenkwezi ziya kuba kumgama omnye, kwaye ke ubukhulu obubonakalayo benkwenkwezi buya kuguqulwa bube kukukhanya kwayo.
Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyiqaphele xa ujonge igrafu ngumgca omkhulu wediagonal obaleka ukusuka phezulu ngasekhohlo uye ngasekunene. Yaziwa njengolandelelwano oluphambili kwaye kulapho indawo enkulu yeenkwenkwezi, kubandakanya ilanga, zidibana khona. Zonke iinkwenkwezi zivelisa amandla ngokuxuba i-hydrogen ukuvelisa i-helium ngaphakathi kwazo. Le yinto eqhelekileyo abanayo bonke kwaye yintoni eyenza ukukhanya kwabo kwahluke kukuba eyona nto bayinxalenye yolandelelwano oluphambili bubunzima babo. Ngamanye amagama, ubuninzi benkwenkwezi bunayo, ngokukhawuleza inkqubo yokuhlangana iya kwenzeka, ke iya kuba nokukhanya okuthe kratya kunye nobushushu bomhlaba.
Ke ngoko, kulandela ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezinobunzima obukhulu zibekwe ngaphezulu ngasekhohlo nangaphezulu ukuze babe nobushushu ngakumbi kunye nokukhanya okungakumbi. Ezi zezi iingxilimbela eziluhlaza. Sineenkwenkwezi ezinobunzima obungaphantsi osekunene nangasezantsi, ke banobushushu obuncinci kunye nokukhanya kwaye zizinto ezibomvu ezibomvu.
Iinkwenkwezi ezinkulu kunye neziphathamandla zomzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell
Ukuba sisuka kulungelelwaniso oluphambili sinokubona amanye amacandelo ngaphakathi komzobo. Phezulu ziingxilimbela nezikhulu. Nangona benobushushu obufanayo njengenye yeenkwenkwezi ezilandelelanayo eziphambili, banokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yesayizi. Ezi nkwenkwezi zinkulu zibonakaliswa ngokutshisa oovimba babo behydrogen ixesha elide, ke kuye kwafuneka ukuba baqale ukusebenzisa izibaso ezahlukeneyo ezifana nehelium yomsebenzi wabo. Kulapho ukukhanya kuyancipha kuba ipetroli ayinamandla kangako.
Esi sisiphelo esibambe inani elikhulu leenkwenkwezi ezibekwe kulandelelwano oluphambili. Kuxhomekeka kubunzima abanabo, banokuba bakhulu okanye babe mkhulu kakhulu.
Apha ngezantsi kolandelelwano oluphambili sinemibala emhlophe emhlophe. Indawo yokugqibela yeenkwenkwezi ezininzi esizibona esibhakabhakeni kukuba ngumfitshane omhlophe. Ngeli nqanaba, inkwenkwezi yamkela ubungakanani obuncinci kakhulu kunye noxinano olukhulu. Njengokuba ixesha lihamba, amhlophe amhlophe ahambela phambili ekunene nasekhohlo kumzobo. Kungenxa yokuba ihlala ilahla ukukhanya kunye nobushushu.
Ezi zizona ntlobo ziphambili zeenkwenkwezi ezivela kule grafu. Kukho uphando lwangoku oluzama ukuqaqambisa kwaye lujolise kokubi kakhulu kwigrafu ukwazi yonke into ngokunzulu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nomzobo kaHertzsprung-Russell kunye neempawu zawo.