La Umthetho kaBoyle yafunyanwa nguRobert Boyle ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yaza yabeka isiseko sokucacisa ulwalamano phakathi koxinzelelo nomthamo okhoyo kwiigesi. Ngokusebenzisa uthotho lweemvavanyo, wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba ubushushu buhlala buhleli, irhasi iyayinciphisa ivolumu yayo xa iphantsi koxinzelelo olungakumbi, kwaye inyusa umthamo ukuba uxinzelelo luyancitshiswa.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nomthetho kaBoyle, iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwawo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngo-1662, uRobert Boyle wafumanisa ukuba uxinzelelo olufumaneka kwirhasi alulingani nomthamo wayo kunye nenani leentuku ezikwiqondo lobushushu elingaguqukiyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba uxinzelelo olufakwe kwigesi luphindwe kabini, irhasi efanayo iya kucinezelwa kwaye umthamo wayo uya kuba ngesiqingatha.
Njengoko umthamo wesikhongozeli esinerhasi usanda, umgama emawuhambe ngawo amasuntswana phambi kokuba angqubane neendonga zesikhongozeli nawo uyenyuka. Oku kwanda kumgama kuvumela ukuphindaphinda kwezinto ezothusayo ukuba zehle, ngoko ke uxinzelelo eludongeni lungaphantsi kunangaphambili xa umthamo wawuncinci.
UMthetho kaBoyle wafunyanwa okokuqala ngo-1662 nguRobert Boyle. UEdme Mariotte sesinye isazinzulu esacinga saza safikelela kwizigqibo ezifanayo nekaBoyleNoko ke, uMariotte akazange awuveze esidlangalaleni umsebenzi wakhe de kwangowe-1676. Kungenxa yoko le nto kwiincwadi ezininzi sifumana lo mthetho ubizwa ngokuba nguBoyle and Mariot’s Law Boyle-Mariot’s Law, nokwaziwa ngokuba nguMthetho kaMatut, owaphuhliswa yisazi sefiziksi nesomachiza saseBritani uRobert Waqulunqwa. ngokuzimeleyo nguBoyle kunye nengcali yefiziksi yaseFransi kunye nengcali yezityalo uEdmé Mattout.
Ibhekisela komnye wemithetho ehambelana nomthamo kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi kumlinganiselo othile wegesi ogcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa elihlala lihleli. UMthetho kaBoyle uthi: Uxinzelelo lwamandla luyaguquguquka ngokwasemzimbeni kumthamo wegesi logama nje iqondo lobushushu lihlala lingaguquki. Okanye ngokulula, sinokuyitolika ngolu hlobo: kwiqondo lobushushu eliphakamileyo eliphezulu, umthamo wobunzima obumiselweyo berhasi uhambelana ngokungafaniyo noxinzelelo oluqhubekayo olusebenzayo.
Iimvavanyo kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho kaBoyle
Ukungqina ithiyori yoMthetho kaBoyle, uMariot wayephethe ukwazisa irhasi kwicylinder enepiston kwaye wakwazi ukuqinisekisa iingcinezelo ezahlukeneyo ezadalwa njengoko ipiston yehla. Kucatshulwa kulo mvavanyo ukuba njengoko umthamo unyuka, uxinzelelo luyancipha.
Umthetho kaBoyle unemisebenzi emininzi kubomi banamhlanje, esinokuthi sikhankanye umzekelo wokuntywila, oku kungenxa yokuba i-diver kufuneka ikhuphe umoya kwimiphunga yakhe xa inyuka kuba iyakhula xa uxinzelelo luyancipha, ukuba akwenzi oko kunokubangela umonakalo kwizicubu.
Ifumaneka kuzo zonke izixhobo ezisebenzisayo okanye eziqhutywa ngamandla omoya, njengeengalo zerobhothi ezisebenzisa amacandelo afana neepistons zepneumatic, ii-actuator, izilawuli zoxinzelelo, kunye neevalvu zoxinzelelo.
Ipetroli, igesi okanye iinjini zedizili nazo zisebenzisa umthetho kaBoyle ngexesha lokutsha kwangaphakathi, kuba okokuqala ngqa umoya ungena kwi-cylinder ngomthamo kunye noxinzelelo, okwesibini unciphisa umthamo ngokunyusa uxinzelelo.
Iimoto zineenkqubo ze-airbag ezisebenza ngokukhupha umlinganiselo othile womoya okanye igesi kwigumbi elifikelela kwingxowa yomoya engaphandle, apho uxinzelelo luyancipha kwaye umthamo wenyuka ukugcina ubushushu obuhlala njalo.
UMthetho kaBoyle ubaluleke gqitha namhlanje kuba ngumthetho othetha nathi nocacisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo iigesi. Ngokuqinisekileyo ichaza ukuba uxinzelelo kunye nomthamo wegesi uhambelana ngokungafaniyo. Ngoko ke, xa uxinzelelo lusetyenziswa kwigesi, umthamo walo uyancipha kwaye uxinzelelo lwayo luyanda.
imodeli yegesi efanelekileyo
Umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte usebenza kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziigesi ezifanelekileyo, imodeli yethiyori eyenza lula kakhulu ukuziphatha kwayo nayiphi na igesi, kucingelwa ukuba:
- iimolekyuli zegesi zincinci kangangokuba akukho mfuneko yokucinga malunga nobukhulu bazo, ingakumbi xa ucinga ukuba oku kuncinane kakhulu kunomgama abawuhambayo.
- Kwakhona, iimolekyuli azidibananga kancinci, ngaphandle kwaxa zingqubana ngokufutshane kakhulu, kwaye xa zisenza, ukungqubana kuyalastiki, ngoko zombini amandla kunye namandla ekinetic ayalondolozwa.
- Okokugqibela, cinga ukuba la mandla e-kinetic alingana nobushushu besampulu yegesi, oko kukuthi, Okukhona amasuntswana ephazamiseka, kokukhona enyuka ubushushu.
Iigesi ezikhanyayo, nokuba zingubani na, zilandela ezi zikhokelo ngokungqongqo kakhulu phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zobushushu kunye noxinzelelo (okt: 0ºC kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric (1 atmospheric) Kwezi gesi, umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte uchaza ukuziphatha kwazo ngokuchanekileyo kakhulu.
Ekubeni i-P∙V ihlala rhoqo kwiqondo lokushisa elinikeziweyo, ukuba uxinzelelo lwegesi lutshintsha, umthamo uguquka ukuze umkhiqizo uhlale ufana, ngoko ke kumazwe amabini ahlukeneyo 1 kunye ne-2, ukulingana kungabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
P1 ∙ V1 = P2 ∙ v2
Emva koko ukwazi imo enye, kunye noguquko olusuka kwelinye ilizwe, unokwazi umahluko ongekhoyo ngokuwususa kumthetho weBoyle-Mariot.
Imbali yoMthetho kaBoyle
Isazi samachiza saseBritani. Uvulindlela weemvavanyo kwicandelo lekhemistri, ngakumbi kwiipropathi zegesi,
Ithisisi kaRobert Boyle malunga nokuziphatha kwenkqunto kwinqanaba lamasuntswana yayisisandulela sethiyori yanamhlanje yezinto zekhemikhali. Wayekwalilungu eliseka iRoyal Society yaseLondon.
URobert Boyle wazalelwa kwintsapho ebekekileyo eIreland kwaye wafunda ezona zikolo zibalaseleyo zesiNgesi nezaseYurophu. Ukususela ngowe-1656 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1668 wayesebenza njengomncedisi kaRobert Hooke kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford, esebenzisana naye kuthotho lwemifuniselo eyayimisela iimpawu ezibonakalayo zomoya nendlela otshisa ngayo, ukuphefumla, nokuhambisa isandi.
Iziphumo zale minikelo zaqokelelwa kweyabo «Uvavanyo olutsha lomatshini wokwenyani komoya kunye neziphumo zawo» (1660). Kuhlelo lwesibini lwalo msebenzi (1662), watyhila ipropathi edumileyo yeegesi, umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte, owathi umthamo othathwe yigesi kwiqondo lobushushu eliqhubekayo uhambelana ngokungafaniyo noxinzelelo. Namhlanje kuyaziwa ukuba lo mthetho uzalisekiswa kuphela xa i-theory efanelekileyo yokuziphatha kweegesi yamkelwe.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngomthetho kaBoyle, iimpawu zawo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezenzululwazi.