Ngokuqinisekileyo ukhe weva malunga nesenzeko se umphumo wenguqu xa uthetha ngezityalo. Ngokwenyani, sisenzeko esenzeka xa izityalo ziphulukana namanzi kwizicwili zazo ngenxa yeziganeko ezibini ezisebenza ngokupheleleyo: ngumphunga kwelinye icala kunye nokubila kwelinye. I-evapotranspiration inokuchazwa njengokuqwalaselwa ngokudibeneyo kwezi nkqubo zimbini ngaxeshanye.
Kule posi siza kukubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo lo matshini kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwi umjikelo wamanzi.
Yintoni i-evapotranspiration
Siqala ngokuchaza kakuhle iinkqubo ezenziwa ngaxeshanye ngabo sibakhankanyayo. Inkqubo yokuqala ngumphunga. Yinto ebonakalayo leyo kuphawula utshintsho kumanzi ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kumphunga. Oku kubandakanya iinkqubo ze-sublimation ezenzeka xa amanzi ekwimo yekhephu okanye yomkhenkce kwaye esiya ngqo kumphunga ngaphandle kokuhamba kwimeko yolwelo.
Ulonyuko lwenzeka kumphezulu womhlaba kunye notyani kamsinya nje ukuba kubekho imvula. Ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu, isenzo semitha yelanga okanye umoya, amathontsi amanzi abephume, aphele ngomphunga. Enye indawo apho ukwenyuka kolophu kwenzeka kwiindawo zamanzi ezinjengemilambo, amachibi kunye namachibi. Ikwenzeka emhlabeni kunye nokungena kwamanzi. SIhlala ikumphunga ukusuka kwezona ndawo zinzulu ukuya kwezona zibonakalayo. La ngamanzi asandula ukungena okanye kwiindawo zokukhupha.
Kwelinye icala, sinenkqubo yokubila. Yinto yendalo eyenzeka kwizityalo. Yinkqubo abathi baphulukane nayo ngamanzi kwaye bawathululele emoyeni. Ezi zityalo zithatha amanzi ngeengcambu zomhlaba. Inxalenye yala manzi isetyenziselwa ukukhula kunye nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunye nelinye icala elihamba liye emoyeni.
Imilinganiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa
Kuba ezi zinto zimbini kunzima ukuzilinganisa ngokwahlukeneyo, zenzeka kunye njenge-evapotranspiration. Kwiimeko ezininzi oku kufundwa, Kuya kufuneka uyazi inani elipheleleyo lamanzi alahlekileyo kwiatmosfera kwaye nenkqubo elahlekileyo ngayo ayinamsebenzi. Ezi datha ziyafuneka ukwenza iibhalansi zamanzi zexabiso lamanzi awayo ngokunxulumene nalahlekileyo. Isiphumo siya kuba kukulinganisela okuhle net, ukuba amanzi aqokeleleka okanye sinentsalela yobutyebi, okanye ayibi, ukuba siphulukana namanzi aqokelelweyo okanye siphulukene nobutyebi.
Kulabo bafunda ngokuvela kwamanzi, ezi zibhalansi zamanzi zibaluleke kakhulu. Olu phononongo lujolise kubungakanani bamanzi endawo. Koko kukuthi, Onke amanzi emvula athe asuswa emanzini alahlekileyo ngumphunga, aya kuba ngumthamo wamanzi ofumanekayo esiya kuba nayo kabuhlungu. Ewe kunjalo, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ubungakanani bamanzi angena ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomhlaba okanye ubukho bemithombo yamanzi.
I-evapotranspiration yinto eyahlukileyo ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lesayensi ye-agronomic. Ithathelwa ingqalelo njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zamanzi ezinazo izityalo ukuze zikhule kakuhle. Zininzi iindlela zezibalo ezisetyenziselwa ukwazi idatha eyimfuneko yokuphuma komphunga kunye namabhalansi amanzi.
Iyunithi ekulinganiswe ngayo i-mm. Ukukunika umbono, usuku olushushu lwehlobo luyakwazi ukukhupha umphunga phakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-4 mm. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba iindawo ezilinganisiweyo zininzi kutyani, umntu unokuthetha ngeekyubhiki mitha kwihektare nganye yomhlaba.
Iindidi zokuphuma komphunga
Ukuze ube nakho ukwahlula idatha kakuhle kumgangatho wamanzi, idatha ye-evapotranspiration yahlulwe ngeendlela ezininzi. Eyokuqala yile i-evapotranspiration (ETP) enokubakho. Le datha yeyona ibonakalisa kuthi into enokuveliswa ukufuma komhlaba kwaye ukhuseleko lwezityalo belukwimeko ezifanelekileyo. Oko kukuthi, isixa samanzi esinokuthi senziwe ngumphunga kwaye sidlule ukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo bezilungele oko.
Kwelinye icala esinalo eyona evapotranspiration (ETR). Kule meko, silinganisela ubungakanani bamanzi aphuma kwi-evapotranspires ngokusekwe kwimeko ezikhoyo kwimeko nganye.
Ukusuka kwezi nkcazo kuyacaca ukuba i-ETR ingaphantsi okanye ilingana ne-ETP. Oku kuyakwenzeka nge-100% yexesha. Umzekelo, entlango, i-ETP imalunga ne-6mm / ngosuku. Nangona kunjalo, i-ETR inguziro, kuba akukho manzi kwi-evapotranspire. Ngamanye amaxesha, zombini ezi ntlobo ziya kufana, okoko nje iimeko ezifanelekileyo zinikiwe kwaye kukho ikhava yezityalo elungileyo.
Akufanele ikhankanywe ukuba i-evapotranspiration yinto engenamdla kuthi kwaphela. Kuthetha ukuphulukana nobutyebi bamanzi obungenakusetyenziswa. Kufuneka kwakhona sikhumbule ukuba yenye yezinto ezingaphezulu komjikelo wamanzi wamanzi kwaye, kungekudala okanye emva kwexesha, yonke into ethe yanyuka ngumphunga iya kuphinda inyathele ngolunye usuku.
Ukubaluleka kwezolimo
Zonke ezi nkcazo zilapha ngasentla zibalulekile kubalo lobunjineli bezityalo. Xa sisebenzisa amaxabiso e-ETP kunye ne-ETR kwi-hydrology, kunjalo kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela ngaphakathi kumyinge oshiyekileyo wesitya. Ezi zinto zezi zibonisa inani lamanzi elahlekileyo kwinto esele ihambile. Ukuthathela ingqalelo umthamo wamanzi omhlaba afumanekayo, njengakwindawo yokugcina amanzi, ukungena ngaphakathi yinto ekwehlisa inani lamanzi akhoyo.
Ukubaluleka kwe-evapotranspiration kuyanda ngakumbi xa singena kwicandelo lezolimo. Kule meko, Umahluko phakathi kwe-ETP kunye ne-ETR unokuba sisiphene. Kwezolimo lo mahluko ufuna ukuba ungabikho, kuba uzakubonisa ukuba izityalo zihlala zinamanzi aneleyo ukubila xa zifuna njalo. Kungoko sigcina amanzi okunkcenkceshela kwaye, ke ngoko, sincitshisiwe kwiindleko zemveliso.
Imfuno yokunkcenkceshela ibizwa ngokuba ngumahluko phakathi kwe-evapotranspirations.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi lucace gca ukubaluleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-evapotranspiration.