Kuwo wonke umhlaba owaziwayo sineentlobo ezininzi zegalaksi. Enye yazo yi umnyele ongqongqo. Liqela elikhulu lesenzo seenkwenkwezi ezimile kwidiski ezineengalo ezijikelezayo kunye nokukhumbuza ubume bentsimbi. Ubume beengalo buyahluka ngeendlela ezininzi, kodwa zihlala zibalasele kuwo onke amaziko acocekileyo apho isitshixo sihluma khona. Kuba phantse i-60% yeminyele eyaziwayo ingumoya, siza kugxila kweli nqaku ekukuchazeleni.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-galaxy ehamba kunye neempawu zayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Isibini kwisithathu seminyele yokujikeleza inebar esembindini eyenziwe yenye yohlobo lwayo eyaziwa ngokuba ngumnyele ovaliweyo. Kubizwa ngolu hlobo ukwenzela ukubahlulahlula kwizinto ezilula. Inemiphetho emibini kuphela ephuma kwibhari kunye nomoya kwicala elinye. Umzekelo wolu hlobo lomnyele we-galaxy yiMilky Way. Ubungakanani obuphambili beli hlobo lomthala umbala obomvu ngenxa yobukho beenkwenkwezi ezindala. Kwinqanaba lomnyele kukho isixa esincinci segesi kwaye umngxunya omnyama uhlala ubekwa embindini.
Iidiski ezenza iingalo zomnyele ojikelezayo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye zityebile kwiigesi nothuli. Uninzi lwezi ngalo zilayishwe ziinkwenkwana ezishushu ezishushu ezihlala zijikeleza kwiindlela ezijikeleze isetyhula. Ngokubhekisele kwimijikelo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemijikelezo enokusuka kuleyo isongele umbindi ophakathi ukuya kwezo zineengalo ezilungiswe ngokukhululekileyo. Uninzi lwazo lubonakala ngokuba nazo inani elikhulu leenkwenkwezi ezincinci, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye namaqondo aphezulu obushushu.
Sikwanomnyele we-halo ongumoya ojikeleze idiski yonke ngobuninzi begesi nothuli. Kule halo ingqukuva ziinkwenkwezi ezindala eziqokelelwe kumaqela eenkwenkwezi zeglobular. La maqoqo eenkwenkwezi kwihlabathi liphela akayonto ngaphandle kwamaqoqo amakhulu eenkwenkwezi aqukethe ukuya kuthi ga kwiibhiliyoni zeenkwenkwezi kwaye ahamba ngesantya esiphezulu.
Iindidi zegalaxy
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zomnyele ojikelezayo ngokuxhomekeke kubume beengalo kunye nokwakheka kwendawo yangaphakathi. Ukuhlela ezi galaxi ngokwe-morphology yazo, ifolokhwe yokulungisa eyenziwe ngu UEdwin hubble. Olu luhlu luye lwahlengahlengiswa kamva zezinye izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ngokongeza iimpawu ezintsha kunye neentlobo ezintsha.
I-Hubble ibhale iigalaxi ngale ndlela: E yeminyele ye-elliptical, SO yeigalaksi ezimile okwe-lenticular kunye ne-S yomoya. Njengokuba ulwazi kwezi ntlobo zeminyele luye lwanda, kuye kongezwa ezinye iindidi, ezinje ngemithala evaliweyo yokujikeleza, leyo ine-SB, kunye neminyele emile ngendlela engalandelani nephethini kwaye engaqhelekanga: Irr. Phantse i-90% yayo yonke iminyele ebonwa njengelliptical okanye ejikelezayo. Kuphela li-10% abakudidi lwe-Irr.
Umnyele wethu, i Indlela yobisi luhlobo lwe-SBb. Ilanga likwenye yeengalo ezijikelezayo ezaziwa ngegama likaOrion. Ingalo yeOrion ibizwa njalo kuba iinkwenkwezi zeli qela zifunyenwe. I-constellation ye-Orion yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ezinokubonwa kwiplanethi yethu.
Imvelaphi yegalaxy yomoya
Imvelaphi ye-galaxy yomoya ayaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa kukho ezinye iingcamango malunga nayo. Ukuqala, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zaqaphela ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo ezenza umnyele ojikelezayo zijikeleza ngesantya esahlukileyo. Olujikelezo lubizwa ujikelezo olwahlukileyo kwaye luphawu olwahlukileyo lolu hlobo lomnyele. Ngaphakathi kwidiski ezijikelezayo zijikeleza ngokukhawuleza okukhulu kunangaphandle, ngelixa kwindawo ye-halo engqukuva ayijikelezi. Ngesi sizathu bekucingelwa ukuba le yeyona nto ibangele ukubonakala komoya. Okwangoku, obu bubungqina bobukho be into emnyama.
Ukuba kunjalo, i-spirals iya kuhlala ixesha elifutshane ngokweenkwenkwezi. Kwaye yile mijikelezo iya kuphelela kubo kwaye iya kugqiba iphele.
Umahluko kumnyele we-elliptical
Kulula ukudibanisa i-galaxy ejikelezayo kunye ne-elliptical galaxy. Umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwabo kukuba iinkwenkwezi ezikumnyele we-elliptical zisasazwe ngokulinganayo kunakwisangqa somoya. Kolu hlobo lomnyele we-spiral, iinkwenkwezi zibonakala zigxile ngakumbi kwiidiski ezibomvu kwaye zisasazeke kwiingalo ezijikelezayo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba sihlalutya ukuhanjiswa kweenkwenkwezi kumnyele we-elliptical, siyabona ukuba imile okweqanda.
Elinye inqaku elinceda ukwahlula ezi ndidi zibini zibubukho okanye ukungabikho kwe-interstellar gas kunye nothuli. Ukuba siya kwiminyele ye-elliptical sibona ukuba uninzi lomcimbi uguqulwe waba ziinkwenkwezi kwaye ngenxa yoko banerhasi encinci nothuli. Kumnyele we-spiral sineendawo apho irhasi nothuli zivelisa iinkwenkwezi ezintsha. Ezi ndawo zininzi kakhulu.
Elinye inqaku esinokuthi sijonge kulo lokwahlula le miqolo ngumahluko obonakalayo okhoyo kwinani leenkwenkwezi. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zahlulahlula i-stellar populations ngokokuba bancinci okanye ngaphezulu. Iminyele ye-elliptical iqulethe iinkwenkwezi zakudala kunye nezinto ezimbalwa ezinobunzima kune-helium. Kwelinye icala, ukuba sihlalutya iminyele ejikelezayo siyakubona oko Ziqulathe inani leenkwenkwezi ezincinci kunye neenkwenkwezi ezindala. Nangona kunjalo, kwinxalenye yediski kunye neengalo abantu abancinci abongamileyo kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lesinyithi. I-Eta ithetha ukuba ziqulathe uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwezinto ezinzima kunye neentsalela zeenkwenkwezi esele zinyamalale. Kwelinye icala, kwi-halo engqukuva ziinkwenkwezi ezindala.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngale ngcaciso ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-galaxy ehamba phambili kunye neempawu zayo.