Ukusukela oko i-astronomy yaqala ukufundwa ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kuye kwakho inkqubela phambili kwinqanaba lobuchwephesha kunye novavanyo. Le nkqubela ifikelele kwinqanaba lokuba sele sibonile umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama. Umngxuma wokuqala omnyama obonwayo ngummandla omnyama kwaye uzivale ixesha lesithuba. Ime kwi-55 yezigidi zeminyaka yokukhanya ukusuka kwiplanethi yethu kwi-Messier 87 galaxy.
Kule nqaku, siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nomfanekiso wokuqala womngxuma omnyama kunye neempawu zayo.
Umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ngenxa yemigama ekuyo le mingxunya emnyama, kunzima ukufumana imifanekiso kunye nolwazi malunga nayo. Umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama ufunyenwe kumnyele we-Messier 87 kwaye uyabonakala ummandla omnyama onobunzima njengelanga ezingama-7.000 ezigidi ngexesha. Kunokuthiwa ubunzima bokubamba umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama kuyafana nokubamba iorenji kumphezulu woMhlaba kumphezulu weNyanga.
Ukubonakala komfanekiso wokuqala omnyama we-halogen kukhumbuza iliso leSauron. Enkosi kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe kolu luvo, umbono ka-Einstein wokuhambelana ngokubanzi unokuqinisekiswa. Le yimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu kuluntu apho Ngaphezulu kwama-200 ososayensi abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo abathathe inxaxheba. Ubukho bemingxunya emnyama kuye kwabuzwa ngamanye amaxesha. Ngeteknoloji yolwazi yanamhlanje, oku akusekho njalo. Siyazibona iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezingathanga ngqo zemingxunya emnyama kwiinkwenkwezi, kwiminyele, nakumafu egesi. Zonke ezi ziphumo zixelwe kwangaphambili yithiyori ka-Einstein yokuhambelana ngokubanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwetekhnoloji, enye yazo ayikaze ibonwe.
U-Einstein wayenyanisile
Iziphumo zempumelelo zolu phando ekubeni zikwazi ukufumana umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama zibangelwe kungekuphela zizazinzulu zingama-200, kodwa kulo lonke ixesha lohlalutyo nokudityaniswa kwedatha okuthathe iminyaka eliqela. Ukongeza kumfanekiso, amanqaku ama-6 enzululwazi aboniswa apho yonke into efunyenwe malunga nendalo iphela eyaziwayo kuthi icacisiwe.
Lo mfanekiso ubaluleke kakhulu njengoko sisiqinisekiso soko kwaxelwa kwangaphambili kwiimeko zika-Einstein. Into emnyama yomngxunya yayiyinto phantse uEinstein ngokwakhe awayemathidala ukuyamkela. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kuyaziwa ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwenzululwazi ukuba oku kuyinyani. Umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama ungenise ixesha elitsha le-astrophysics apho ukuvavanywa kokulingana kuka-Einstein ngokunxulumene nomxhuzulane kunokuvavanywa.
I-Sagittarius A * ngowona mngxuma umnyama mkhulu kumbindi weMilky Way. Ingabonwa ngeeteleskopu. Izazinzulu zichazile ukuba ulwazi alukasonjululwa ukuze lwazi amandla alo mngxunya umnyama. Kucingelwa ukuba ngumngxunya ogqithisileyo osebenzayo, nangona ukubonwa kunye nohlalutyo kuyafuneka ukunika izigqibo ezichanekileyo.
Umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama ngenxa yetekhnoloji
Iindlela kunye netekhnoloji yokujonga indalo iyaqhubeka ukuphucula. Unokufumana iinkcukacha ezithe kratya ukuze uqonde ukuba indalo isebenza njani. Imvelaphi yendalo iphela yinjongo yokugqibela yalo lonke ulwazi umntu azama ukulufumana malunga nendalo yonke. Kungenxa yetekhnoloji ukuba ifoto yomngxunya wokuqala omnyama ithathiwe. Zonke iiteleskopu ezisetyenzisiweyo ziqokelele amaza avela kwimingxunya emnyama enobude obuyi-millimeter enye. Le wavelength yinto enokudlula kumaziko eminyele egcwele uthuli kunye negesi.
Umceli mngeni wokukwazi ukufumana umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama wawukhulu kakhulu kuba izinto eziza kuboniswa zikude kakhulu kwaye zinobungakanani obuncinci. Isiseko se-M87 sinobubanzi beekhilomitha ezingama-40.000 ezigidi kwaye ikwindawo yokukhanya engama-55 kude. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ibingumngeni okoko ukuqatshelwa okuyimfuneko ukulungiselela izixhobo kufuna iishifti zomsebenzi ukuya kuthi ga kwiiyure ezili-18 ngosuku. Eyona nto inzima ibe kukuhlalutya lonke ulwazi oluqokelelweyo.
Ukufumana umbono wenani elikhulu lolwazi olwalufuneka lusetyenzisiwe, ii-5 petabytes zolwazi zafakwa. Oku kunokuthelekiswa "nobunzima" obuya kuthi zonke iingoma zeMP3 zidlale iminyaka engama-8.000 XNUMX ngaphandle kokuyeka.
Iimpawu zemingxunya emnyama
Le mingxunya emnyama ayikho enye into ngaphandle kweentsalela zeenkwenkwezi zakudala ezingasekhoyo. Iinkwenkwezi zihlala zinomthamo oxineneyo wezinto kunye namasuntswana kwaye, ke, inani elikhulu lamandla omxhuzulane. Kuya kufuneka ubone ukuba iLanga linakho njani ukuba neeplanethi eziyi-8 kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi ezikungqonge ngokuqhubekayo. Enkosi kumxhuzulane weLanga kutheni le nto ISistema Solar. Umhlaba utsalelekile kuwo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba siya sisondela eLangeni.
Iinkwenkwezi ezininzi ziphelisa ubomi bazo njengeenkwenkwezi ezimhlophe okanye iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron. Imingxunya emnyama sisigaba sokugqibela kwindaleko yeenkwenkwezi ezazinkulu kuneLanga. Nangona iLanga kucingelwa ukuba likhulu kakhulu, iseyinkwenkwezi ephakathi (okanye incinci ukuba siyithelekisa nezinye) . Yile ndlela kukho iinkwenkwezi ezili-10 ukuya kwezi-15 ubukhulu beLanga ezithi, xa ziphelile zibekho, zenze umngxuma omnyama.
Njengokuba ezi nkwenkwezi zinkulu zifikelela esiphelweni sobomi bazo, ziyaqhuma kwintlekele enkulu esiyazi njengeyona supernova. Kolu dubulo, inkoliso yenkwenkwezi isasazeke emajukujukwini kwaye iziqwenga zayo ziya kuzulazula emajukujukwini ixesha elide. Ayizizo zonke iinkwenkwezi eziqhumayo nezisasazekayo. Enye into ehlala "ibanda" yile enganyibilikiyo.
Xa inkwenkwezi isencinci, i-fusion yenyukliya idala amandla kunye noxinzelelo rhoqo ngenxa yomxhuzulane ongaphandle. Olu xinzelelo kunye namandla ayenzayo yiyo egcina ukulingana. Umxhuzulane wenziwe bubunzima beenkwenkwezi. Kwelinye icala, kwi-inert ishiyekileyo esele emva kwe-supernova akukho mandla anokumelana nomtsalane womxhuzulane wayo, ke into eseleyo yenkwenkwezi iqala ukuziphindisela kuyo. Yile nto iveliswa yimingxunya emnyama.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela umfanekiso wokuqala womngxunya omnyama ufunyenwe ngayo.