Ukuze uyazi imeko yemozulu yazo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, ukujonga umhlaba wethu kubalulekile. Enkosi kwabaninzi izixhobo zokujonga Singazi kwaye siqikelele iimeko zemozulu phantse kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba.
Ukuze wazi imeko yemeteorology, imilinganiselo yenziwa kumawakawaka kwizikhululo zemozulu ezingekho emhlabeni kuphela, kodwa naselwandle, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo zomoya nkqu nakwiisathelayithi ezisuka emajukujukwini. Zisebenza njani izixhobo ezijonga umhlaba wethu kunye neemeko zemozulu? Zibaluleke kangakanani ngokubhekisele kuqikelelo lwemozulu?
Ukujongwa kwemeteorology
Izixhobo zokulinganisa ezahlukileyo zemozulu ezinje nge Uxinzelelo, umoya, ukufuma, imvula, amaqondo obushushu, njl. Zibekwe kwindawo ezinzileyo kuwo wonke umhlaba. Zibekwe kwiindawo ezikwilizwekazi, ezinje ngamathafa, iintaba, iintlambo, izixeko, kunye neendlela ezilandelwa ziinqanawa kunye neenqwelomoya, besebenzisa inyani yokuba bonke banezixhobo zemozulu.
Ukusetyenziswa okunokwenziwa kolwazi olunikezwe yiyo yonke le mithombo yokujonga kwahluka kakhulu: ukusuka kwirekhodi lexeshana kwizikhululo ezithile, ukuya ekucacisweni kwesimo sezulu. Ngayiphi na imeko, amaziko emozulu abeka ulwazi kwindawo enye, ayicubungule, alawule umgangatho wayo, kwaye ayihambise kubasebenzisi abanokuyidinga ukuba bafundele iatmosfera.
Xa unxibelelwano lwenziwa eluntwini malunga nesiphumo sokuqwalaselwa kwemozulu, ibizwa ngokuba yingxelo yemozulu. Ke, usasazo lubizwa «Inxalenye«. Iziphumo zokuqwalaselwa kwemozulu zingaboniswa ngokuthetha nangokubonisa. Ngokwesiqhelo, imephu yendawo eza kuqatshelwa iyasetyenziswa kwaye izinto eziguquguqukayo zemozulu eziye zaqwalaselwa kunye nokudaleka kwazo zimelwe kuyo.
Ngoseto lwemozulu eziguquguqukayo ezifundwayo, iimodeli zinokwakhiwa ukunceda kuqikelelo lwabo. Yayo, Zisekwe kwiipatheni zokusebenza kunye nokuziphatha kwezi zinto zixabisekileyo zemozulu Iimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nendlela ezinokuthi ziguquke ngokuhamba kwexesha ziyahlaziywa. Uqikelelo lwemozulu luyimfuneko kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukuze ukwazi ukwazi ukuba imozulu izakuba njani kwezi ntsuku zimbalwa zizayo kwaye ukwazi ukwenza ngokwimozulu.
Iimodeli zoqikelelo lwemozulu zisebenzisa idatha efunyenwe emva kweminyaka emininzi yeerekhodi ukuze ikwazi ukwenza izinto ezenza imo yezulu yengingqi. Njengoko uyazi, imozulu ayifani nemozulu. IMeteorology ibhekisa imeko yezinto eziguquguqukayo zemozulu ngexesha elithile. Nangona kunjalo, imozulu iseti yezi zinto zixabisekileyo kuyo yonke iminyaka. Umzekelo, imozulu ipolar, xa izinto ezinje ngeqondo lobushushu, imvula ngesimo sekhephu, imimoya, njl. Benza imozulu ebandayo, apho ubushushu obuphantsi ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu bungaphantsi.
Izixhobo zokujongwa kweMeteorological
Ewe kunjalo, isiseko sayo yonke imozulu yokujonga imeko yemozulu ilele kwizixhobo zemozulu ezisetyenziselwa ukuthatha imilinganiselo. Le tafile ishwankathela ezinye zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo:
Isikhululo semozulu sihlala sinezixhobo ezininzi, nokuba zigqityiwe. Ukuze imilinganiselo yeemeko zezulu zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, kufuneka zenziwe ngokweekhrayitheriya esekwe Umbutho weHlabathi weMeteorological. Ezi nqobo zisekwe kwindawo echanekileyo, ukuqhelaniswa kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ezinokuchaphazela izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nokuguqula iziphumo ezifunyenweyo.
Ukuze idatha ingqineke, indawo ebiyelweyo yesikhululo semozulu kufuneka ibenebhokisi yomthumeli, uhlobo lwekheji emhlophe eyenziwe ngomthi ekwi-1.5 m ukusuka emhlabeni, ngaphakathi kuyo kukho iithemomitha, i-hygrometer kunye ne-evaporimeter. Ukongeza, kwiimeko ezininzi, izikhululo ziye inqaba yemeteorological. Izixhobo zokulinganisa ezinje ngeethemometha, ii-anemometers kunye ne-vanes zibekwe kuyo, esazisa ngeemeko zemozulu eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuqwalaselwa kwesathelayithi zemozulu
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili kwaye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, iisathelayithi zokujonga zezona zinzima kakhulu, kodwa zezona zinika iziphumo ezilungileyo. Indawo ezikuyo iisathelayithi, kumjikelo wazo ojikeleze uMhlaba, ibavumela ukuba babe nombono olilungelo, obanzi kakhulu kwaye obanzi ngaphezulu kunaso nasiphi na isixhobo esikumgangatho womhlaba.
IiSatellites zifumana Imitha yombane ekhutshwe kwaye ibonakaliswe nguMhlaba. Owokuqala uvela kuye kwaye owesibini uvela eLangeni, kodwa ubonakala kumhlaba nasemoyeni ngaphambi kokufika kwisathelayithi. Iisathelayithi zithatha amaza athile ale radiation, ubukhulu obahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwimeko yomoya, ukuze kamva kwenziwe idatha kunye nokucacisa imifanekiso eya kwamkelwa kwizikhululo zomhlaba, apho ziya kutolikwa khona.
Iisatellite zemozulu zinokuhlelwa ngokungqinelana nomjikelo ekubekwe kuwo ngokweendidi zazo:
Iisathelayithi zomhlaba
Ezi satellites zijikeleza ngaxeshanye noMhlaba, kungoko zibona indawo echanekileyo ekwi-ikhweyitha yoMhlaba. Ngokwesiqhelo, ezi satellite zikwimigama emide kakhulu ukusuka eMhlabeni (malunga ne-40.000 km).
Izinto eziluncedo ezibonelelwa zezi sethelayithi kukuba, ekubeni ikude kakhulu, indawo ekubonwa kuyo ibanzi kakhulu, inkulu njengobuso bonke beplanethi. Ukongeza, zikwabonelela ngolwazi ngendlela eqhubekayo malunga nendawo ethile ofuna ukuyigcina kunye nokuvumela ukuvela kwemozulu kuloo ndawo.
Iiplanethi zesipolar
Iiplanethi zesipolar zezo zijikeleza kufutshane kunangaphambili (phakathi kwe-100 ne-200 yeekhilomitha ukuphakama) ke zisinika umbono osondeleyo womhlaba wethu. Icala elisezantsi kukuba, nangona isinika imifanekiso enesisombululo esiphezulu kwaye icacile, bayakwazi ukujonga indawo encinci.
Isatellite yemeteorological inezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokufaka ulwazi malunga neepropathi ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba, kodwa ubukhulu becala ithimba imitha ye-electromagnetic radiation. Ukusuka kolu lwazi zimbini iintlobo zemifanekiso yesathelayithi ezenziweyo, ezibizwa ngokuba sisigcawu sebhendi ezihambelana nayo. Ukuba imifanekiso efunyenweyo ibekwe ngokulandelelana kwayo, ibonwa njengolandelelwano, siya kuba nakho ukuxabisa intshukumo yamafu, njengokuba indoda yemozulu isibonisa kumabonakude yonke imihla.
Iindidi zokuqwalaselwa
Kuxhomekeka kulwazi oluqokelelwe ziindidi ezimbini zeesathelayithi zemozulu, singenza iimephu zokujonga ngeentlobo ezimbini zemifanekiso eqokelelwa ziisathelayithi: Okokuqala, kukho imifanekiso ebonakalayo kwinto ebonakalayo kwaye, okwesibini, leyo ikwi-infrared.
Imifanekiso ebonakalayo (VIS)
Imifanekiso ebonakalayo yenza umfanekiso ofana kakhulu nalowo besinokuwuqonda ukuba ubukule satellite, kuba, njengoko amehlo ethu enokwenza, isathelayithi ibamba imitha yelanga emva kokubonakalisa amafu, umhlaba okanye ulwandle, kuxhomekeke indawo.
Ukuqaqamba komfanekiso kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezintathu: ubunzulu bemitha yelanga, i-engile yokuphakama kwelanga kunye nokubonakaliswa komzimba oqwalaselweyo. Umndilili wokubonisa (okanye i-albedo) yenkqubo yoMhlaba-yeatmosferi ngama-30%, kodwa, njengoko sibonile kwisahluko esingaphambili, ikhephu kunye namafu athile ayakwazi ukubonakalisa ukukhanya okukhulu, ukuze kumfanekiso wesathelayithi obonakalayo ubonakale uqaqambile kunomzekelo wolwandle.
Nangona amafu ebonakalisa kakuhle, i-albedo yawo ixhomekeke kubukhulu nakwindalo yamasuntswana ayenzayo. I-cirrus, umzekelo, ilifu elibhityileyo elenziwe ziikristale zomkhenkce, alibonisi misebe yelanga, ke kunzima ukuyibona kumfanekiso obonakalayo (phantse babonakala elubala).
Ukucinga nge-infrared (IR)
Ubunzulu bemitha ye-infrared ekhutshwa ngumzimba inxulumene ngqo nobushushu bayo. Ke, ilifu eliphezulu nelibandayo, njenge-cirrus, iya kubonakala ngokuqaqamba kumfanekiso onjalo. Intlango emini emaqanda, ukuba akukho mafu ngaphezulu kwayo, iya kubonakala njengendawo emnyama kakhulu emfanekisweni, ngenxa yeqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Imifanekiso ye-infrared inokuphuculwa ngombala ngokuxhomekeke kubushushu bendawo, ngaloo ndlela iququzelela ukubonwa kweendawo ezibandayo kakhulu, zihlala zihambelana neencopho zelifu eziphucukileyo.
Imifanekiso ye-infrared yenza kube nzima ukwahlula amafu asezantsi kunye nenkunguKuba iqondo labo lobushushu liyafana nalaa ndawo bakuyo, banokudideka nayo.
Imifanekiso ye-infrared isetyenziswa ikakhulu ebusuku, kuba akukho kukhanya kwiisathelayithi ezibamba imifanekiso ebonakalayo yokufaka. Kuya kufuneka ucinge ukuba nokuba kusemini okanye kusebusuku, imizimba ikhupha ubushushu kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kubushushu bayo, iyakuba mhlophe okanye ibe mnyama. Ngesi sizathu, ezi ndidi zimbini zokujonga zisetyenziselwa ukukwazi ukwahlula ngcono ulwazi kwaye luzalise ngokupheleleyo.
Ngolu lwazi, uza kwazi ngakumbi malunga nemeteorology kunye nokubaluleka kokujongwa kwayo ekudalweni kweemodeli ezinceda kuqikelelo lwemozulu.
Hayi, iindaba zosasazo azibizwa ngokuba ziyinxalenye kuba inika ulwazi ngemozulu (ekungekho mntu ubiza indawo leyo, kodwa yimozulu).
Ingxelo yeendaba ibizwa ngokuba yinxalenye, kwaye kuncinci ngokuxhaphakileyo, ukuba izuze njengelifa kwirediyo yelizwe laseSpain isiko kunye nesiqhelo sokuyinika, yokunika ingxelo esemthethweni yemfazwe, yemfazwe yamakhaya eyaziwayo ngo-1936/1939, ethi yayisasazwa mihla le kwikomkhulu likaGeneralissimo Franco.
"Thula, bazakunika ingxelo!" Yayiyifowuni yokuvuka emva kokuba i-clarinet yesiqhelo ibhengeza nabani na onegunya elingaphezulu endlwini, ukuze ukuthula kuvumele ukumamela iindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zemfazwe.
Imfazwe idlulile, umabonwakude wafika (1956), isiko lahlala liyinyani, ukubiza iindaba "yinxalenye"
Kwiintsuku zakudala zikaMariano Medina, akukho namnye owathi "wayeyindoda yenxalenye", kodwa indoda yexesha.