ukuphelelwa ngamandla

idayinaso

Isijikelezi-langa sethu sineminyaka engaphezu kwama-4.500 ezigidi zendaleko. Ngalo lonke eli xesha kuye kwakho iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo eziye zabangela ukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo ziphumeze ukuphela kwazo. La maxesha e ukuphelelwa ngamandla aziyonto intsha kwisijikelezi-langa somhlaba. Ezi zinto ziye zafikelela kuvuthondaba kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngelo xesha.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokutshabalala kwabantu abaninzi, iimpawu zabo kunye nokubaluleka kwabo kwimbali yeplanethi.

Yintoni ukuphelelwa ngamandla

ukutshatyalaliswa kobunzima behlabathi

Okokuqala, kufuneka sazi kuqala ukuba uhlobo oluthile luyaphela xa kungekho mizekelo ishiywe naphi na emhlabeni ekwaziyo ukuzala ize ishiye inzala. Ngoku, ukutshabalala ngobuninzi kuyenye yeentlobo ezintathu zokutshabalala ezikhoyo. Makhe sibone apha ukuba babizwa ngokuba yintoni kwaye yintoni umahluko wabo:

  • Ukuphela okungasemva: zenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga kuzo zonke iibhayom kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ziyanyamalala.
  • Ukuphela kobuninzi: kukhokelela ekuncipheni okumangalisayo kwenani leentlobo zezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo yejografi kwaye zenzeke ngexesha elithile.
  • ukutshabalala kobunzima obuyintlekele: zenzeke ngoko nangoko kumlinganiselo wehlabathi, kwaye ngenxa yoko, iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zehla kakhulu.

Iimbangela zokutshabalala kobuninzi

ukuphelelwa ngamandla

Emva kokufunda icandelo langaphambili, usenokuba uyazibuza ukuba kutheni ukutshabalala kwabantu abaninzi kwenzeka okanye yintoni ebangela ukuphela kobuninzi beentlobo. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuba kutheni iintlobo zinyamalala, kodwa nazi ezinye zazo.

izizathu zebhayoloji

Kulapho bangena khona iimpawu zeentlobo kunye ne-endemism enokwenzeka kunye nokhuphiswano phakathi kwabo. Ngale ndlela, iintlobo ezithile, ngakumbi iintlobo ezihlaselayo ngaphakathi kummandla wazo, zinokususa ezinye kwaye ziziqhubele ekubhangisweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukunyamalala kwemvelaphi kwenzeka ngenxa yezi ntlobo zezizathu.

izizathu zokusingqongileyo

Izizathu zokusingqongileyo ziquka: utshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu, utshintsho kwinqanaba lolwandle, utshintsho kumjikelo we-biogeochemical, ukuhamba kweeplate, iiplate tectonics; njl. Kule meko, ukuba uhlobo alukwazi ukulungelelanisa kwiimeko ezintsha zokuphila, lugwetyelwe ukuphela. Kwelo cala, ukwenzeka kwentaba-mlilo kukwayinxalenye yoonobangela bemekobume abadla ngokukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwezinto ezininzi.

oonobangela bangaphandle komhlaba

Asibhekiseli kwiiMartians okanye kwii-UFOs, kodwa kwimpembelelo ye-asteroids kunye neemeteorites kumphezulu woMhlaba. Kule meko, Ukuphela kwenzeka ngexesha kunye nasemva kwempembelelo, kuba emva kwempembelelo babangele utshintsho ekubunjweni kwe-atmosfera, phakathi kwezinye iziphumo. Ngenxa yezi ntlobo zezizathu, ukutshabalala okukhulu kwentlekele kwenzeka, kanye njengokuba ukuphela kweedinosaurs kukholelwa ukuba kwenzeka.

izizathu ezenziwe ngabantu

Zezo zizathu ezibangelwa ngokupheleleyo kukuziphatha komntu. Umzekelo, ezolimo, ezemigodi, ukukhutshwa kwe-oli kunye namahlathi, ungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo, ukuqaliswa kwezidalwa ezingaqhelekanga, ukuzingela nokurhweba ngezilwanyana zasendle nokufudumala komhlaba zezinye zeengxaki zemekobume eziye zaziswa ngabantu kwinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo nendalo ngokungathandabuzekiyo eziya kukhokelela ekuphelisweni kwezidalwa eziphilayo.

Ukupheliswa kobuninzi kwimbali yoMhlaba

meteorite

Ngaba unokuthelekelela ukuba zingaphi ukutshabalala kobuninzi okwenzekileyo kwimbali yoMhlaba? Ngokuqinisekileyo kwakukho ukutshabalala kwezinto ezintlanu. Kwanezazinzulu ezininzi zithi sijongene nokutshabalala kwesithandathu. Kweli candelo, siya kukuxelela ukuba leliphi ixesha lokwakheka komhlaba, ixesha elingakanani, kwaye kutheni ukutshabalala kobunzima ngakunye kwenzeke.

Ukuphela kwe-Ordovician-Silurian

Ukuphela kobunzima bokuqala kwenzeka malunga ne-444 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yahlala phakathi kwe-500.000 kunye ne-1 yezigidi zeminyaka, ukuze ngaphezu kwe-60% yeentlobo zaphela. Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nokuba yintoni eyabangela oku kutshabalala, eyona inamandla ibango lokuba ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-supernova lubangele utshintsho kumphakamo wolwandle nakuleko lweozone.

Ukuphela kwe-Devonian-Carboniferous

Yenzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-360 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-70% yeentlobo zezilwanyana zaphela. Isiganeko sokutshabalala, esathatha iminyaka ezizigidi ezi-3, kucingelwa ukuba saqala ngokugqabhuka kweeplanga zemantle, iiplues ezinzulu ngaphantsi koqweqwe loMhlaba olusuka kwiindawo ezishushu kunye neebhanti zentaba-mlilo.

Ukuphela kwePermian-Triassic

Esi siganeko senzeka malunga nezigidi ezingama-250 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye sathatha iminyaka esisigidi. kwibhalansi, I-95% yeentlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye ne-70% yeentlobo zomhlaba ziye zanyamalala. Oyena nobangela awukaziwa, kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba inokuba yenziwa yintaba-mlilo, iigesi ezikhutshwa kumbindi woMhlaba, kunye neempembelelo zeasteroid.

Ukuphela kweTriassic-Jurassic

Kwiminyaka engama-260 yezigidi eyadlulayo, esi siganeko seminyaka esisigidi sokutshabalala kobunzima satshabalalisa i-70% yeentlobo zezilwanyana. Iingcamango ezichaza isizathu ziquka ukuqhekeka kwePangea nogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo olulandelelanayo.

I-Cretaceous - Ukuphela kwenqanaba eliphezulu

Yenzeka kwi-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye mhlawumbi sesona siganeko sidumileyo sokutshabalala, njengoko iintlobo zeedinosaur ezazihlala emhlabeni zaphela. Kukho iithiyori ezininzi zokuchaza ukuba kutheni, ikakhulu zisekwe kwintshukumo yentaba-mlilo ephezulu kunye nefuthe leasteroids ezinkulu. Into engaqhelekanga yesi siganeko kukuba ayizange ibulale iidinosaurs kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu kwe-70% yeentlobo, kwaye yahlala kuphela kuqikelelwa iintsuku ezingama-30.

Ukuphela kobunzima beHolocene okanye ukuphela kobunzima besithandathu

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezilwanyana ezininzi

Esi siganeko sibangele impikiswano eninzi, kungekhona nje ngenxa yokuba iya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngenxa yokuba izizathu zayo zenziwe nje. Inyaniso kukuba izinga lokuphela kweentlobo zezilwanyana liyenyuka ukususela ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezenziwa ngabantu, umzekelo, izilwanyana ezanyisayo ziya zibhanga ngesantya esiphindwe ngama-280 ngaphezu kwesiqhelo. Ukongeza, kuqikelelwa ukuba iintlobo eziye zaphela kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo (iminyaka engama-200) kufuneka ziphele kwiminyaka engama-28.000. Xa kujongwa oku, kucace nangakumbi ukuba sijongene nokuphela kobunzima besithandathu.

Ukugqibezela ukuqonda kwethu oku kubhangisa kwenyambalala kwimbali yoMhlaba, sinikezele ngomda wexesha lokubhangisa okukhulu apha ngezantsi.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokutshabalala kwabantu abaninzi kunye neziphumo zabo.


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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
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  1.   francisco sitsho

    Iphindaphinda kwaye ayisoze yaphulukana ne-transcendence ngokuqhubekayo, ihlala ishiya imiphefumlo yethu iphawulwe kwaye ichwayitile, hlala ukhumbula ukuqhubeka kwezi ndaba kwaye enkosi maqabane