UJames Hutton

UJames Hutton

Kwijiology kukho izazinzulu ezitshintshe indlela esibona ngayo umhlaba neplanethi yethu. Enye yezo nzululwazi yaguqula indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngeplanethi yoMhlaba UJames Hutton. Yayiyiyo geologist eyasinika umbono wexesha elinzulu. Wayengumntu othanda iwhiskey, abafazi, kwaye eza nemibono emitsha yokuxoxa noontanga bakhe. Ngaphandle kokuthweswa isidanga sobugqirha, wayenomdla omkhulu ekwakhiweni koMhlaba nakwindalo. Kwaye, njengoko sele sibonile kuyo yonke inzululwazi kunye nophuhliso lwayo, ezona zinto zifunyenwe kakhulu zenziwa ngokukhangela enye into engeyiyo le ifunyenweyo, okanye ngabantu ababengezizo iingcali kweso sifundo.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngobomi kunye nezinto ezenziwa nguJames Hutton kunye negalelo lakhe elikhulu kwinzululwazi nakwinzululwazi yokuma komhlaba.

Ibhayibhile kunye nokwakheka komhlaba

Ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nokwakheka koqweqwe

Kuya kufuneka ucinge ukuba kumaxesha amandulo kwakungekho zixhobo zininzi kangaka zeteknoloji ukuze zikwazi ukuphanda umhlaba wethu. Ngelo xesha, ekuphela kombhalo wokwakheka komhlaba yayiyiBhayibhile. Ngaloo maxesha, bekukholelwa nokuba wazi owona mhla kanye awadala ngawo umhlaba u-Okthobha 22, 4004 BC.

Nangona uJames Hutton wayekholelwa kuThixo, wayengazinikeli ekuchazeni ngokoqobo iBhayibhile. Wayekholelwa ukuba uThixo wadala umhlaba kodwa ngenkqubo yemithetho yendalo.

Umfazi wakhe wamitha kwaye bamsa eLondon ukuya kubeleka. Kwiminyaka engama-26 ubudala, uHutton wanyanzelwa ukuba enze ubomi obutsha kwifama yosapho kumazantsi eScotland. Kukule fama apho izimvo zakhe malunga neplanethi zifumene amandla kunye nokubaluleka ebomini bakhe. Kuba umhlaba owawukule fama wawunomoya kwaye unemvula kwaye imozulu imbi, kwafuneka ayiguqulele kwifama ibe yinto enenzuzo ephantsi. Wanyanzelwa ukuba embe kwaye acoce imijelo eyahlukeneyo yokuhambisa amanzi rhoqo ukuze izinze.

Ukusukela imijelo yathatha umhlaba owawusetyenziselwa ukulima, Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba lwalusanda. Ke, uJames Hutton waqala ukukhathazeka malunga nokhukuliseka komhlaba kwaye waqala ukucinga ukuba ukhukuliseko luqhubeka ngolu hlobo ixesha elide, ngekhe kubekho mhlaba wokulima kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Oku kwamkhokelela ekubeni aqiqe ngelithi uThixo udale umhlaba notyekelo lokungabi nazinto ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwakungekho ngqiqweni. Ngokutsho kwakhe, UThixo kwafuneka adale iplanethi ekwaziyo ukuzihlaziya.

Inkqubo yoMhlaba oMkhulu

Ukufunyanwa kukaJames Hutton

Ejongane nesidingo soMhlaba ukuze sikwazi ukuzihlaziya kwaye singagwetyelwa ukufa kwabantu abalambileyo, waqala wafunda ukuba wenziwa njani ngokutsha. Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba njenge Ummeli wejoloji yayiyintshintsho yentshabalalo, ngoku kuye kwafuneka ukuba athathe ingqalelo kwinto abayakhayo.

Eyahlukileyo iintlobo zamatye eyayifundwe nguHutton kwaye baqonda ukuba kunjalo intlenga ihlala ihanjiswa ngamanzi kwaye, unyaka nonyaka, ngendlela ecothayo, zadityaniswa zenziwa ilitye. Ngezifundo kunye nokuhamba kwexesha, waqonda ukuba uMhlaba ubukwibhalansi phakathi kwentshabalalo nolwakhiwo kwaye lonto ayixhomekekanga kwiziganeko ezothusayo neziqubulisayo njengoko iBhayi- bhile iqinisekisile, kodwa ibisisiphumo seminyaka. Oko kukuthi, uMhlaba wenziwa ngodongwe lwangaphambili.

Ukugxothwa kwakhe kwaphela eneminyaka engama-41, ngenxa yoko wakwazi ukubuyela kwisixeko sobutsha bakhe. Kwakuyixesha lokukhanyiselwa kweScotland. I-Edinburgh yayiyeyona ndawo igqwesileyo kwezobukrelekrele, kwaye iHutton yayisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo. Waphanda kwaye wayesazi ukuba ayingawo onke amatye awayenomaleko wentlenga, Endaweni yoko, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye zazineemeko ezahlukeneyo zokwakheka.

Yayingumbulelo kumhlobo wakhe, uJames Watt, ukuze akwazi ukufunda okungakumbi. Le ndoda yayingumsunguli wee-injini ze-steam kwaye yenza ukuba i-Industrial Revolution isebenze ngakumbi. Ke uHutton wayezibuza ukuba ipani ibishushu phi. Yile ndlela ke waba ngumntu wokuqala ukucinga ukuba iziko loMhlaba liyindawo eshushu neyomlilo. Ezi ntaba-mlilo zazingeyonto ngaphandle kweendawo ezivunguzayo.

Ixesha lenyaniso

Imihlathana yomhlaba

Konke oku kwamkhokelela ekucingeni ukuba ezinye iintlobo zamatye zenziwe kweli ziko likhulu lomlilo elinike imilo yazo xa zipholile ngaphezulu. Ngayo yonke le nto, weza kubeka iindlela ezimbini zokudala umhlaba:

  • Ukusuka kwintlenge edityaniswe ziiarhente ezinje ngemvula, umoya, uthutho, ukhukuliseko. Inike ukonyuka kwamatye e-sedimentary.
  • Embindini womhlaba, kubushushu obukhulu, amatye ayesenziwa ludaka olunyibilikisiweyo. Oku kwenza amatye angenanto.

Ukuba yithiyori yotshintsho, abahlobo bakaJames Hutton bamcenga ukuba ayenze esidlangalaleni. Ngo-1785 wayipapasha eRoyal Academy e-Edinburgh. Ukuba novalo kwaye ungabi sisithethi esihle, Ingcamango yakhe yachaswa kwaye wabizwa ngokuba akakholelwa kuThixo.

Oku akuzange kummise kuphando lwakhe. U-Hutton uqhubeke nokuphanda imeko yonke yase-Scotland kwaye wafumanisa ukuba inyengane ibiphoswe ngaphambili. Le yindlela awangqina ngayo ukuba kukho injini enkulu eshushu ngaphakathi kwiplanethi. Konke oku kuqatshelweyo bekukho ubungqina bokuba uMhlaba unenkqubo enkulu yokutshabalalisa kunye nolwakhiwo.

Ngaphandle kwale nto, wayengonelisekanga kwaye wayefuna ukufumanisa ukuba ngaba uMhlaba wawuneminyaka nje engamawaka ambalwa ubudala njengoko ibhayibhile yatsho okanye indala kakhulu. Wayezibonile izale nkqo ngaselunxwemeni, kodwa wayesazi ukuba ikona itshintshile kamva. Nangona bendingazi i ipleyiti yetectonics ithiyori unokukuqonda oko yayikukuzalwa kunye nokufa kwehlabathi liphela. Uye waqonda ukuba uMhlaba wadala kwaye watshabalalisa uqweqwe kwaye yile ndlela umjikelo oqhubeka ngayo.

Njengoko ubona, uJames Hutton wenza igalelo elininzi kwinzululwazi, nangona yayingamkelwa ngokubanzi yinkolo. Kwakhona siyaqonda ukuba inkolo isebenze kuphela ukuthintela inkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi.


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