Umntu ebesoloko enamabhongo kakhulu. Ukuqala kwakhe ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji, wayenenjongo yokushiya iplanethi yethu kwaye akwazi ukuphonononga inyanga kunye nezinye iiplanethi ezingabamelwane zenkqubo yelanga. Konke oku kubangele ukuqala kwe- ugqatso lwasemajukujukwini. Ngaphezulu kwama-30.000 ososayensi abavela kumazwe angama-66 kuphononongo lwendalo iplanethi yethu baqala ugqatso lwasemajukujukwini. Iinjongo zokuqala zokuthumela i-satellites ezingezizo esithubeni zabhengezwa ngo-1955.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga nomdyarho wasemajukujukwini kunye nokuba yintoni inkqubela phambili yomntu ngokubhekisele kuyo.
Iimpawu zomdyarho wasithuba
Kwiminyaka nje embalwa emva koko, iiSoviet zawufezekisa umsebenzi wazo ngoSputnik 1. Ngo-1957 isathelayithi yokuqala eyenziweyo embalini ukufikelela kumhlaba wokujikeleza komhlaba. Yeyona nto yokuqala eyayiza kukhokelela ekuqalekeni kwento eyaziwa ngokuba ngumdyarho wasithuba. Lo mjaho wasithuba kwimeko yeMfazwe ebandayo unokuqondwa njengogqatso lweengalo apho amaMelika kunye namaSoviet alwela ulawulo lobuchule bendawo engaphandle. Kwakudingeka ukufezekisa amandla kungekuphela kweplanethi yethu kodwa nayo yonke into ejikelezileyo.
Olu khuphiswano luqukunjelwe ngo-1975 ngokumisa kwesiphekepheke u-Apollo-Soyuz kwaye kuya kuqondwa ukuba ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kweziphumelelweyo zeteknoloji zenzeke ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini. Kwaye le mpikiswano yenza inzululwazi kunye netekhnoloji ihambele phambili ngokuxhuma kunye nemida. Masibone ukuba ngawaphi awona manyathelo abaluleke kakhulu kunye namaxesha awenzekayo kugqatso lwendawo.
Inyani yokuqala esele siyichazile yayinjalo ukumiliselwa kwisithuba se-satellite Sputnik 1 Wayenobunzima obuyi-83 kg kwaye wayelingana nobukhulu bebhasikidi. Yisathelayithi yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu enokuthi ijikeleze umhlaba wethu.
Inyathelo lesibini kugqatso lwendawo yayinguLika, inja ye-astronaut. Kwi-1957 inja uLika yaba sisilwanyana sokuqala ukuhamba emajukujukwini ukhwela uSputnik. inja yafa ngenxa yokungabikho kweoksijini. Nangona yayiyinto abaninzi abayithathela ingqalelo njengoncedo lokuqhuba ulingo kunye nokuqhekeka kolwazi lwangaphandle.
Umdyarho wesithuba: inyathelo ngenyathelo
Siza kuhlalutya ukuba ayintoni na onke amanyathelo okhuphiswano lwendawo.
Isathelayithi yokuqala yokuqala
Nangona bebaninzi abantu abacinga ukuba amandla elanga yinto yanamhlanje, sele ngo-1958 iNASA ibeka isathelayithi eyaziwa ngokuba yiVanguard 1 kwi-orbit. Isathelayithi yokuqala eyaqala ukuvela kwindawo engaphandle enikwe amandla elanga kuphela. Olu yayiluloyiso olukhulu eUnited States kugqatso lomhlaba. Nangona umphathiswa weSoviet Union wayidelela kwaphela le satellite, yakhe, eyayindala kakhulu, yaphuma ekuhambeni kwayo yatshisa ukubuyela kwabo emhlabeni. Ngokwahlukileyo, le satellite isekhona kwi-orbit unanamhla. Ithathelwa ingqalelo njengeyona satellite yakudala ingeyiyo eyokuma emajukujukwini kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba iyasinda ekuqhubekeni kokujikeleza malunga neminyaka engama-240 ngaphezulu.
Isathelayithi yokuqala yokunxibelelana
Kwakuloo nyaka, injongo yokuqala yokwenyani yafunyanwa ngexesha lomdyarho wendawo yi-NASA ngokubeka isathelayithi yokuqala yokunxibelelana kwi-orbit. Yaphehlelelwa ngomjukujelwa kwaye enkosi kuloo nto namhlanje sinokwazi ukunxibelelana nendawo.
Inyathelo elilandelayo kukhuphiswano lwendawo yayiyimifanekiso yokuqala yecala elikude lenyanga. Siyazi ukuba kwiplanethi yethu asinakubona icala elikude lenyanga. Apha singabona kuphela ubuso obubonisiweyo kwaye ihlala ifana. Kungenxa yokuba isantya sokujikeleza kwenyanga ngokwaso kunye nokuguqulelwa kungqinelana nenyaniso yokuba ihlala isibonisa ubuso obufanayo.
Ham itshimpanzi
Enye inkqubela phambili abantu ababenayo ngeli xesha lokhangelo lwendawo kukuba ichimpanzee yaba ngumntu wokuqala ukuhamba esithubeni. Inqwelomoya yakhe yathatha imizuzu eli-16 kuphela emva koko wasindiswa kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ngenxeba nje empumlweni.
Sele ngonyaka we-1961 kulapho indoda yokuqala yayikwaziyo ukuya emajukujukwini. Kwibhodi yeVostok 1, uYuri Alekséyevich Gagarin waba ngumntu wokuqala ukuya emajukujukwini. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva uValentina Tereshkova waba ngumfazi wokuqala ukuhamba emajukujukwini kwimishini leyo Iya kwandiswa kangangeentsuku ezi-3 kwaye ngexesha apho igqityiwe ukujikeleza okungama-48 emhlabeni jikelele.
Kancinci le nkqubela yenzululwazi ivelisa iziqhamo. Ngo-1965 kulapho umntu wokuqala wakwaziyo ukuhamba isithuba, ukuhlala kude kube yimizuzu eli-12 ngaphandle kwenqanawa.
Ukuqhagamshelana kokuqala nenyanga kunye nokufika kokuqala kwenyanga
Isiphekepheke i-Apollo 8 saba sesokuqala ukungena kwinyanga ejikelezayo enabantu. Wangena kumkhuhlane womxhuzulane ukusuka komnye umzimba wasezulwini okokuqala ezimbalini. Abasebenzi bayo babengabokuqala ukubona icala lenyanga, kunye nokujonga uMhlaba kwisathelayithi yethu.
Kwiminyaka kamva, i-mission yayiza kufika eya kuthatha inyathelo elikhulu phambili eluntwini. Ukufika komntu enyangeni. Ngo-1969, u-Armstrong noBuzz Aldrin baba ngamadoda amabini okuqala ukufika kwiNyanga kwi-Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle.
Umdyarho wesithuba: ngaphaya kwenyanga
Inyanga ayisengoyena ujolise phambili. Ngomnyaka we-1973, i-satellite yokuqala enokufikelela kwi-orbit yeJupiter yaqaliswa. Yaziwa ngokuba nguvulindlela 10. Okokugqibela, sinohambo lokuqala oluya eMercury nasekupheleni kweMfazwe ebandayo. Uhambo oluya eMercury lwenziwa ngo-1974 kwaye lwaba UMariner 10 uphonononga owokuqala ukufikelela kwiplanethi iMercury.
Ngale nto iphumelele ugqatso olukhulu lwendawo kwaye yaphelisa iMfazwe ebandayo.