Kwiplanethi yethu kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zejoloji kunye nolwakhiwo olunokusothusa kancinci. Omnye wabo stromatolites. Zizinto ezinamatye okanye ezinamatye ezakhiwe ngamatye kunye / okanye iiminerali ezifakwe ngokuhamba kwexesha ngenxa yobukho boluntu oluluhlaza kunye noluluhlaza. Ezi stromatolites zifumaneka emanzini acocekileyo kunye netyuwa nakwiidipozithi ze-evaporite.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iimpawu, apho zifumaneka khona kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kwe-stromatolites.
Zithini ii-stromatolites
IStromatolites zizakhiwo amatye aqingqiweyo okanye abekwe ematyeni abunjwe zizidalwa kunye / okanye izimbiwa ezifakwe luluntu oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluhlaza kwaye zingafunyanwa kwimizimba yamanzi amatsha okanye anetyuwa kunye neentsholongwane zomphunga kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni. I-algae eluhlaza-luhlaza, eyaziwa ngcono namhlanje njenge-cyanobacteria, imele iqela lee-prokaryotes zasemanzini- zobukumkani beebhaktiriya- ezinokufumana amandla elangeni, oko kukuthi, zinokwenza ifotosinthesisi.
I-Cyanobacteria lelinye lawona maqela abalulekileyo kwaye athambileyo eeprokaryotic, njengalo naluphi na uhlobo lweebhaktheriya, zizinto ezincinci, ezineseli enye, nangona zihlala zikhula zibe ziikholoni ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zibonwe ngeliso lenyama. Ezi ntsholongwane ziyi-photosynthetic inokuba zizinto zokuqala eziphilayo emhlabeni, kuba iifosili ezindala zafunyanwa zisusela emva ngaphezulu kwe-3.000 yezigidi zeminyaka ubudala kwaye ziyi-cyanobacteria efumaneka kwi-stromatolites.
I-Stromatolites zizinto ezakhiwe yimisebenzi ye-metabolic yoluntu, elawulwa yi-cyanobacteria, enokuthi ithintele kwaye ifake isixa esikhulu sezinto kunye neetyuwa, ikakhulu ilitye lekalika. Ezi zakhiwo zinamatye zithathwa njengeyona ndawo indala kwindalo iplanethi yethu, kwaye iShark Bay eseNtshona yeOstreliya ilikhaya lezona zinto zindala.
Ukubaluleka kwe-stromatolites kulele ekwakhiweni kwe-microbial, kuba i-cyanobacteria equlathe zivelisa izixa ezikhulu zeoksijini ezifunwa zizilwanyana kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezona mpawu ziphambili ze-stromatolites abanokuthi babonakale kuzo:
- Ziyizakhiwo ezinamatye ezenziwe ngamagciwane, ikakhulu i-cyanobacteria, ikwabizwa ngokuba zizakhiwo ze-organic sedimentary kuba zithathwe kwimisebenzi ye-metabolic ye-microorganisms eziyenzileyo.
- Banokubonisa ezinye izinto eziphilayo, ezinje nge-algae eneeseli enye, isikhunta, izinambuzane, ii-crustaceans, njl., Kuxhomekeka apho zifumaneka khona.
- Ukubunjwa kwayo okunamatye kwakhiwa ngumxube wekalika kunye ne-dolomite (zizityebi kwi-calcium carbonate).
- Zenza kwicala lokukhanya kwelanga njengezityalo, ke "ziyakhula" ngokuthe nkqo kwaye zilungelelaniswe kumashiti okanye kwimaleko, maleko ngokomaleko.
- Uluhlu olungaphandle lolona lincinci kwaye olona lude sisiseko.
- Ziyakhula okanye zihlale kancinci kancinci, kungoko phantse zihlala zinesakhiwo esinamakhulu okanye amawaka eminyaka ubudala.
- Bahlala emanzini angenzulu okanye angenzulu, bakhula emhlabeni, kwaye banovakalelo olukhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu, utshintsho kwinqanaba lolwandle, kunye nongcoliseko.
- Zingafikelela kubude obumalunga ne-50 cm ukusuka emhlabeni, kwaye zoxande, ezimile okwekholamu, ezimile okwe-dome, ezingqukuva, ezinamaqhuqhuva, okanye ezingaqhelekanga kwaphela.
- Kukho iifosili ezindala kakhulu.
Ukubaluleka kwe stromatolites
I-Stromatolites zihlala zikhona kubume bamanzi olwandle okanye emanzini acocekileyo, kwaye zihlala zenzeka kumanzi anzulu. Incam yasentshona yeAustralia yenye yezona ndawo zidumileyo apho kukho stromatolites "zale mihla" kumachibi etyuwa aphezulu.
IiStromatolites ziye kwaye ziyaqhubeka zibalulekile ebomini emhlabeni. Kuba icyanobacteria eziqulethwe yenye yezinto eziphilayo ezindala ezirekhodiweyo, imisebenzi yayo ye-photosynthetic kukholelwa ukuba inegalelo ekwenziweni komoya ocebileyo weoksijini apho sihlala khona ngoku kwaye ekugqibeleni sakhokelela ekwakhiweni kwezinto eziphilayo ze-aerobic.
Ukongeza, njengoko besesitshilo, ezi zinto zisenegalelo kwioksijini eninzi kumoya wethu, ke ubomi bethu buxhomekeke kuzo. Ngaphandle kobume bayo obulula, ii-stromatolites zithathwa njengezona zibaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo lebhayoloji, ijiology, kunye ne-astronomy, ikakhulu kuba ulwazi lunokufumaneka kuphando lwabo. Umzekelo, kwijoloji, ii-stromatolites zibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo lweziqwengana ezinje nge-stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleogeography, paleontology, kunye geophysics.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokubanzi, ukubaluleka kwayo kule mi sebenzi ilandelayo:
- Chaza iimeko zezinyanya zeendawo ezithile, ngakumbi malunga nesixa setyuwa kunye nokufakwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo.
- Chonga iindawo apho bekukho umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ngaphambili.
- Chonga ubudala bezinye i-ikhosistim.
- Zoba unxweme lwangaphambili.
- Nciphisa ixesha lokuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic (njenge-algae) kunye nokuyilwa koluntu lwendalo.
- Qonda inqanaba lokuqokelelwa kwentlenga kwiindawo ezithile.
- Funda ukuba microfossils ijongeka kanjani.
Iindawo ehlabathini apho sinokuzifumana khona
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zininzi iindawo emhlabeni apho sinokufumana khona ii-stromatolites. Nangona kunjalo, siza kugxininisa iindawo ezithile ezisisigxina apho siyazi ukuba sinokufumana khona:
- IPampa del Tamarugal National Reserve, eTarapacá, kwiphondo laseTamarugal, eChile.
- ICuatrociénegas Basin, entlango emhlophe yaseCoahuila kunye neLake Alchichica, eMexico.
- I-Bacalar lagoon, kwi-Yucatan Peninsula, eningizimu yeMexico.
- ILaguna Salada, kwiphondo laseRio Grande do Norte, eBrazil.
- IChibi iSalda, eTurkey.
- Izitshixo ze-Exuma, iSithili se-Exuma, kwii-Bahamas Islands.
- Ichibi lePavillion, eBritish Columbia, eCanada.
- IBlue Lake, empuma mpuma yeOstreliya.
IiStromatolites ayilulo ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kwiplanethi yethu, kodwa ngokubanzi zisasazwa kwindawo enqongopheleyo apho iimeko zithanda ukubekwa kwezimbiwa ezizibumbayo.
EMexico, ziindawo ezi-4 kuphela ezaziwayo ezichaza ii-stromatolites "ezisandula ukwenziwa":
- ICuatrociénegas Basin: Ifumaneka eCuatrociénegas Valley Reserve kufutshane neNtlango yaseCoahuila kwiphondo laseCoahuila de Zaragoza kumantla eli lizwe.
- IChibi iAlchchica: Ichibi elinetyiwa elinokuxinana okuphezulu kwemagniziyam kwilizwe elizimeleyo lasePuebla, kufutshane neziko lelizwe.
- ILaguna de Bacalar, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiLaguna de los Siete Colores de Bacalar: Ifumaneka kwiPeninsula yaseYucatan, yeyaseburhulumenteni iQuintana Roo.
- IChichankanab Lagoon: ikwangumbuso waseQuintana Roo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-stromatolites kunye neempawu zazo.