Iinyanga ezimbini zikaMars yiPhobos kunye neDeimos. Ezi nyanga ze-Mars mhlawumbi zithathwe kwi-asteroids ukusuka kwibhanti ye-asteroid engundoqo ephakathi kwe-Mars kunye ne-Jupiter. IPhobos Yeyona inkulu kwiinyanga ezimbini zikaMars, inobude obuziikhilomitha ezili-13,4 kwicala layo elide, iikhilomitha ezili-11,2 ububanzi, neekhilomitha ezisi-9,2 ububanzi. Yenza ujikelezo olunye kangangeekhilomitha ezingama-9380 6000 ukusuka kumbindi kaMars, okanye ngaphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-7,5 18 ukusuka phezu komhlaba, rhoqo ngeeyure ezisi-1877. Isathelayithi yafunyanwa ngo-Agasti 1829, 1907 yisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMelika uAsaph Hall (XNUMX-XNUMX).
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nesathelayithi yePhobos, iimpawu zayo, ukufunyanwa kunye nokubaluleka.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Phobos, ogama lakhe lithetha "uloyiko" ngesiGrike, Yafunyanwa ngo-1877 sisazi ngeenkwenkwezi saseMerika uAsaph Hall. Yeyona satellite inkulu ye-Mars, kodwa isencinci kakhulu xa ithelekiswa nezinye iisathelayithi kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga, inobubanzi obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-22.
Enye yezona zinto ziphawuleka kakhulu kwiPhobos kukumila kwayo ngendlela engaqhelekanga kunye nende. Umphezulu wayo ugutyungelwe ngama-craters, nto leyo ebonisa ubundlobongela obudlulileyo kunye nembali yejoloji enika umdla. Ukongeza, ibonisa i-grooves kunye ne-ridges, iphakamisa ukuba inokuba yenzeke kwiinkqubo zokuqhekeka ngenxa yamandla omoya owenziwe ngumxhuzulane we-Martian.
Umjikelo wayo ukufutshane kakhulu kuMars. Ime kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-6,000 kuphela ukusuka kumphezulu weplanethi, nto leyo engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwisathelayithi yendalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba I-Phobos igqibezela i-orbit enye ejikeleze iMars malunga neeyure ezisi-7 kunye nemizuzu engama-39, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunexesha elithathayo ukuba iMars ijikeleze kwi-axis yayo.
Ngenxa yokuba kufutshane ne-Mars, le sathelayithi iphantsi kwenkqubo yokonakaliswa kwe-orbital. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umxhuzulane kaMartian ubangela ukuba iiPhobos zisondele ngakumbi kwisijikelezi-langa. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba, kwizigidi ezimbalwa zeminyaka, isathelayithi ekugqibeleni iyakuqhekeka ngenxa yezantyalantyala zemvula kwaye ibe yisangqa esijikeleze iMars.
Uthumo lwaseRussia olubizwa ngokuba yiPhobos-Grunt, lwenzelwe ukuba luhlale ePhobos, luqokelele iisampulu, luzibuyisele eMhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, i-mission ibe nokusilela kobugcisa kwaye ayikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nenjongo yayo.
Phobos Stickney Crater
Le sathelayithi izele zii- impact craters, njengazo zonke izinto ezisemhlabeni kwi-solar system. Kwi-9 km ububanzi, i-Stickney crater yeyona crater inkulu kwinyanga yaseMartian kwaye iphantse ibe sisiqingatha sobubanzi be-Phobos.
Icrater iyathwala Ibizwe ngoChloe Angelina Stickney Hall, ingcali yezibalo kunye nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nenkosikazi ka-Asaph Hall. Ngaphandle komxhuzulane ophantsi (0,005 m/s²), kunokucingelwa ukuba imathiriyeli evela kwimeteorite ebethe iPhobos yatyibilika kancinci kwiindonga zecrater. Imijelo efunyenwe kumphezulu wesathelayithi ingaphantsi kwe-30 yeemitha ubunzulu, i-100-200 yeemitha ububanzi kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-20 ubude.
Phobos kunye neeDeimos
Amagama eenyanga ezimbini zikaMars athatyathwe kwintsomi yamaGrike, Phobos (uloyiko) kunye noDeimos (uloyiko), amawele kathixo uAres kunye nesithixokazi uAphrodite. I-Deimos igqunywe ngumaleko oshinyeneyo wamasuntswana akhutshiweyo yimpembelelo yemeteorite, ethi ifihle ukukhululeka kokuzaliswa kwayo kancinci kwecrater.
Iinyanga ezimbini, mhlawumbi ukusuka kwibhanti ye-asteroid, zabanjwa ngexesha lokufika kwazo kwi-Mars. IDeimos ziikhilomitha ezingama-23.460 ukusuka kuMars kwaye iPhobos ziikhilomitha ezingama-9.377.. Umxhuzulane kumphezulu weDeimos uphantsi kakhulu (0,0039 m/s-2). Ubuninzi bayo buyi-2,2 g / cm3 kuphela. Isantya sakhe sokubaleka singama-22 km/h okanye 6 m/s), nto leyo eya kuvumela umntu ukuba aphume kumphezulu weDeimos ngokubaleka nje.
IPhobos yeyona inkulu kwiinyanga ezimbini zikaMars. Kwakhona yayiyeyona ikufutshane kwiplanethi ebomvu, ithatha iiyure ze-7 kunye nemizuzu engama-39. Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwefilimu, iMars Express yayikumgama oziikhilomitha ezili-11, ngoxa iDeimos yayikumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-800.
Umahluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezi nyanga zimbini kukumila kwenyanga nganye. Iphobos ndeende kwaye ayiqhelekanga ngobume, inomphezulu ogqunywe yimingxuma emiqengqelezini. Kwelinye icala, I-Deimos ingqukuva kwaye imile ngokugudileyo, ineecrater ezimbalwa. Lo mahluko ngokwemilo usenokuba ngenxa yeembali ezahlukeneyo zokwakheka komhlaba kwisathelayithi nganye.
Iindlela ezijikelezayo nazo zohluka kakhulu. I-Phobos ijikeleza iMars kumgama omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-6,000 ukusuka kumphezulu wesi sijikelezi-langa, nto leyo eyenza ibe yenye yezona satellite zikufutshane xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ezikwisijikelezi-langa sethu. I-Deimos ikumgama omkhulu ngakumbi, ijikeleza malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-23,500 ukusuka kumhlaba weMartian. Lo mahluko kwimigama ejikeleze i-orbital ukwaguqulela kumahluko kwixesha le-orbital yazo zombini iisathelayithi ezijikeleze iMars.
Ngokuphathelele imvelaphi yayo, kukho iingcamango ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye izazinzulu zithi zinokuba zii-asteroids ezithathwe ngumxhuzulane kaMars, ngelixa abanye bekholelwa ukuba inokuba yintsalela yento enkulu eyahlukanayo ngenxa yempembelelo. Ezi thiyori ziyaqhubeka zingumxholo wophando kunye neengxoxo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi.
umsebenzi wokuhlalisa
I-Phobos indululwe njengento ekujoliswe kuyo kwangethuba kwimishini yoluntu ukuya kuMars. I-teleoperation yabantu yabahloli berobhothi kwi-Mars ukusuka e-Phobos inokufezekiswa ngaphandle kokulibaziseka kwexesha elibalulekileyo, kwaye imiba yokhuseleko lweplanethi kuphononongo lwangaphambili lweMars inokuqwalaselwa ngale ndlela.
Ukufika ePhobos kulula kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza kancinci kunokuma kumhlaba weMartian. Umntu ofika kumhlaba osinga kuMars kufuneka akwazi ukungena kwi-atmosfera aze abuyele kwi-orbit yamva engenazo naziphi na izibonelelo zenkxaso, okanye kuya kufuneka kusekwe indawo yenkxaso. Endaweni yoko, umntu omisa umhlaba kwisathelayithi unokusekwa kwisixhobo esenzelwe ukuhla kwenyanga kunye ne-asteroid. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokuba inomxhuzulane obuthathaka kakhulu, i-delta-v efunekayo ukuze ifike kwiPhobos kwaye ibuyele kuphela ngama-80% afunekayo ukuya nokubuya kumphezulu wenyanga.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nesathelayithi yePhobos kunye neempawu zayo.