Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesebe lejoloji egxile ekufundeni amatye xa ewonke. Imalunga ne- petroloji. Eyona njongo iphambili yeli sebe lenzululwazi kukufunda ngeempawu zommandla wejometri, iimpawu zepetrographic, amacandelo, ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali eneenkcukacha kunye neeminerali ezahlukeneyo ezenza amatye. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuphononongo lweendawo ezohlukeneyo ezenza indalo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, izifundo kunye neenjongo zepetrology.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Xa sithetha nge-petrology sigxile kufundo lwamatye xa ewonke. Zama ukuchonga iimeko iinkqubo ze-physicochemical zokwenza amatye kwaye zeziphi iinkqubo zokuzivelela ezenzeka ngexesha lokuzalwa kwazo. Zininzi izifundo ezenziwa ngoprographic ezijongana nenkcazo ebonakalayo kuwo onke amatye. Ukwenza oku, isebenzisa ukukhanya kwemicroscopy ekhanyayo, esebenzisa ukukhanya okuhanjisiweyo, nangona ikwabonakaliswa ngamanye amaxesha. Zonke ezi zifundo zibonelela ngolwazi oluninzi malunga nohlobo lwamatye, ubukhulu becala izimbiwa, ubuninzi, imilo, ubungakanani kunye nobudlelwane bendawo.
Zonke ezi mpawu zinceda ekuhleleni amatye nasekumiseleni zonke iimeko zomgangatho kunye nobungakanani bokwakheka kwazo. Amanye amatye enziwe ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuzivelela kwezinto ezichongiweyo nakwipetrology. Izinto zePetrographic zezi zenza iliwa kwaye zinento ebonakalayo. Ezi zinto ziinkozo zezimbiwa, imibutho ethile yezinye izimbiwa namanye amaqhekeza amatye ahambelana nemfuza okanye hayi. Ezinye zenzeka kuzo zonke iintlobo zamatye ezinjengeenkozo zamaminerali okanye iipore. Ezi zininzi ngakumbi kumatye e-sedimentary kunye namatye e-volcanic igneous. Nangona kunjalo, zinqabile ngakumbi kumatye e-metamorphic kunye neplutonic igneous rock.
Ezinye zazo zenzeka kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zamatye afana neglasi yentaba-mlilo ebekwe kumatye omazibuthe wentaba-mlilo. Ezinye zenzeka ngamanye amaxesha, njengokuqhekeka.
Ubudlelwane phakathi komhlaba kwi-petrology
Namhlanje siza kwahlula iikhonsepthi ezahlukeneyo zobudlelwane bomhlaba phakathi kwe-petrology. Okokuqala kukuthungwa. Yiseti yobudlelwane beendawo eziphakathi kunye neempawu zokuziphatha kwamatye. Kulapho ke iinkozo zikhona elityeni nasezimbumbweni zingena. Kunokuthiwa izinto zeliwa zezi zinika iimpawu zalo zokuziphatha. Ukuchongwa kulwakhiwo kunye neendlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuchonga la macandelo ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwerwala eliza kufundwa.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zobudlelwane bomhlaba ngaphakathi kwipetroloji, nangona kunjalo zinokusekwa iintlobo ezi-5 ezisisiseko ezisebenza kuwo onke amatye endalo. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa kunye nokudityaniswa okufumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Ubume bokulandelelana: Kukwaziwa ngegama lokuthungwa kwe-serial kwaye yenye apho ilitye lenziwe ngamakristali akhule evela kwisisombululo samanzi. Umzekelo woku kungenxa yemagma okanye ulwelo oluthile. Amakristali eliwa akhula ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwaye ke aneempawu ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha. Olu hlobo lokuthungwa luyasebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zamatye, nangona luqheleke ngakumbi kumatye e-plutonic kunye ne-volcanic igneous kunye namatye athile e-sedimentary.
- Ubume beVitreous: Yimbonakalo ebonakalisa la matye enziwe ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye eyenziwe ngeglasi kwaye ayenziwa kukuqiniswa okukhawulezileyo kokunyibilika kwemagnethi. Kuqheleke ngakumbi kumatye e-volcanic igneous.
- Ubunzima beClasticYile nto yenziwa ngamaqhekeza amatye kunye neeminerali ezihlanganisiweyo okanye ezingekho ngaphakathi kwento ecikizekileyo, eqinisiweyo kunye / okanye ephinde yenziwa kwakhona. Obu bunjani busebenza kumatye asezintabeni okwehlisayo, nangona amatye eentaba-mlilo nawo ekwabonisa oko. Iziqwenga zamatye kunye neeminerali zibizwa ngokuba zii-clast.
- Ukuqhuma: Yenye eyenziwe ziikristale ezenziweyo kwindawo eqinileyo. Iveliswe ngotshintsho lweeminerali ezikhoyo. Olu hlobo lokuthungwa luhlala lufumaneka ngakumbi ngakumbi kumatye e-metamorphic. Iinkozo zamaminerali eziphinda ziphinde zenziwe zibizwa ngokuba kukuqhuma.
Petrology kunye nekristalelography
Xa sichaza ubungakanani bomsebenzi we-petrology kunye ne-crystallography, siyabona ukuba kukho iikhonsepthi ezifanayo. Kwaye kukuba ulwazelelo lwendawo ebesikhe sayichaza ngaphambili kuwo onke amacandelo kunye nezinto ze-crystallographic zezimbiwa ngaphakathi kweliwa, ziyafundwa kuwo omabini amasebe. Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ukumiselwa komzi-mveliso wecrystallographic kunye neentlobo ezikhoyo:
- Isotropic: Inye apho kungekho lungelelwaniso lukhethiweyo lwezixhobo.
- Umgama: Inye kuphela apho ukuqhelaniswa kwamacandelo kunolwalathiso oluphambili.
- Isicwangciso: luqhelaniso apho izinto zikwinqwelomoya enye.
- Umgca weplane: Kukuqhelaniswa kwamacandelo kwicala elinye nakwinqwelomoya enye.
Ngokubanzi sifumana amatye ekhubazekile, ke izinto zokuqala ezazisele zilinganayo bezikwazi ukuyeka ukuba njalo. Ngokwesiqhelo, bayayeka ukubakho ngenxa yokuvela kweplastiki. Utshintsho luthi luvela kuxinzelelo ukuze izinto zalo ziphantsi. Uninzi lwamatye e-metamorphic akhoyo kwimizi-mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yamanye amabhastile sibona ukuba babonisa imeko ekhethekileyo ye-morphological kunye ne-crystallographic ye-calcite grains. Kwelinye icala, ukusikelwa umda kokukhetha kwamanye amacandelo akufuneki kubangelwe kukudodobala kwimeko eqinileyo.
Sisoloko sifumana kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zamatye ubudlelwane obucacileyo be-bimodal phakathi kwezinto eziqinileyo. Eta kuthetha ukuba ezinye zinobungakanani beenkozo eziqine kakhulu kunezinye. Abemi bazo zonke izinto ezigqityiweyo babizwa ngokuba yi-matrix. Le ngcamango ineengcaciso ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwilitye elisetyenziswayo. Kwelinye icala, umba wesamente usebenza ngakumbi ngokukodwa kumatye e-sedimentary rock athe atshintshwa nangaluphi na uhlobo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-petrology kunye neempawu zayo.