IPaleozoic

igeology yakudala

Ngexesha lejoloji sinako ukwahlula ii-eras ezahlukeneyo, iion kunye namaxesha apho ixesha lahlulwe ngokokuma kwendalo, imozulu kunye nendalo eyahlukeneyo. Elinye lamanqanaba amathathu apho isicatshulwa sePhanerozoic sahlulahlulwe khona IPaleozoic. Lixesha lotshintsho elibonisa indaleko phakathi kwezidalwa zokuqala ukuya kwezona zinto ziphilayo zikwaziyo ukoyisa iindawo zokuhlala zomhlaba.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ijiology, imozulu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zePaleozoic.

Iimpawu eziphambili

paleyozoic

Izinto eziphilayo ezininzi ziye zenzelwa uthotho lotshintsho olubavumela ukuba bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nomhlaba, okona kubalulekileyo kukuphuhliswa kwamaqanda e-amniotic. Ukusuka kumbono wejoloji, ibhayoloji kunye nemozulu, iPaleozoic ngokuqinisekileyo lixesha leenguqu ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ngexesha elidlulileyo, utshintsho lwenzeka emva kolunye, ezinye zazo zazibhalwe kakuhle, ngelixa ezinye zazingekho kangako.

I-Paleozoic yahlala phantse ukusuka Iminyaka engama-541 yezigidi edlulileyo ukuya kwiminyaka engama-252 yezigidi. Ihlale malunga neminyaka engama-290 ezigidi. Ngeli xesha, iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo zolwandle kunye nomhlaba zibonise ukwahluka okukhulu. Kwakungelinye lamaxesha apho izinto eziphilayo zaye zahluka ngakumbi, zaya ngokukhethekileyo, kwaye zakwazi nokushiya indawo yokuhlala elwandle kunye noloyiso lomhlaba.

Ekupheleni kweli xesha, i-supercontinent yasekwa ebizwa ngokuba yiPangea kwaye kamva yahlulwa kwilizwekazi elaziwa namhlanje. Kuyo yonke i-Paleozoic, amaqondo obushushu okuhlala aguqukile kakhulu. Ixesha elithile lihlala lishushu kwaye lifumile, ngelixa ezinye zincitshiswa kakhulu. Kakhulu kangangokuba kubekho iindawo ezininzi zomkhenkce. Kwangokunjalo, ukuphela kweli xesha, iimeko zokusingqongileyo zaba mbi kangangokuba isiganeko esikhulu sokuphela senzeka, esibizwa ngokuba kukutshabalala, apho malunga ne-95% yeentlobo ezazihlala emhlabeni zanyamalala.

Paleozoic Geology

Amathambo ePaleozoic

Ukusuka kwimbono yejoloji, iPaleozoic itshintshe kakhulu. Isiganeko sokuqala esikhulu sejoloji ngeli xesha yayikukuhlulwa kwelizwekazi elibizwa ngokuba yiPangea 1. IPangea 1 yahlulwe yangamazwekazi amaninzi, isenza ukuba sibonakale njengesiqithi esijikelezwe ziilwandle ezinzulu. Ezi ziqithi zezi zilandelayo: iLaurentia, iGondwana kunye noMzantsi Merika.

Ngaphandle kokwahlulwa oku, ekuhambeni kwamawaka eminyaka ezi ziqithi ziye zasondelelana kwaye ekugqibeleni zakha indawo enkulu entsha: IPangea II. Ngokunjalo, ngeli xesha iziganeko ezibini ezibaluleke kakhulu zejoloji zenzekile emhlabeni: i-Caledonia orogeny kunye ne-Hercynian orogeny.

Ngexesha leminyaka edlulileyo eyi-300 yezigidi zePaleozoic, uthotho lotshintsho lwenzekile ngenxa yemihlaba emikhulu eyayikho ngelo xesha. Kwi Paleozoic ekuqaleni, isixa esikhulu kula mazwe ibekwe ecaleni kweikhweyitha. ILaurentia, uLwandle lweBaltic kunye neSiberia ziyahlangana kwiitropiki. Emva koko, uLaurentia waqala ukufudukela emantla.

Malunga nexesha leSilurian, ilizwekazi elaziwa njengoLwandle lweBaltic lajoyina iLaurentia. Izwekazi elakhiwe apha libizwa ngokuba yiLaurasia. Ekugqibeleni, i-supercontinent eyavela kamva e-Afrika nase Mzantsi Melika yangqubana neLaurasia, yenza umhlaba obizwa ngokuba yiPangea.

sezulu

Akukho zirekhodi zininzi zinokuthenjwa malunga nemozulu yasePaleozoic yokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ngenxa yolwandle olukhulu, imozulu kufuneka ipholile kwaye ibe nolwandle. I-Lower Paleozoic Era yaphela nge-Ice Age, iqondo lobushushu lehla, kwaye inani elikhulu leentlobo zafa. Emva kwexesha yayilixesha lemozulu ezinzileyo, imozulu yayishushu kwaye ifumile, kwaye yayininzi ikharbon diokside efumanekayo emoyeni.

Njengoko izityalo zihlala kwindawo ezihlala emhlabeni, ioksijini emoyeni iyanda, ngelixa icarbon dioxide iyancipha. Njengoko ixesha liqhubeka, iimeko zemozulu ziyaguquka. Ekupheleni kwePermian, iimeko zemozulu zenza ubomi phantse bungazinzanga. Nangona izizathu zolu tshintsho bezingekaziwa (zininzi iingcinga), into eyaziwayo kukuba iimeko zokusingqongileyo zitshintshile kwaye iqondo lobushushu lenyuke iqondo ezimbalwa, nto leyo efudumise umoya.

IPaleozoic Biodiversity

uphuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo

Flora

Kwi-Paleozoic, izityalo zokuqala okanye izinto ezifana nezityalo yayizi-algae kunye nefungi, eyathi yavela kwindawo ezihlala emanzini. Emva kwexesha, kwinqanaba elilandelayo lokwahlulahlula ixesha, kubonakala ukuba izityalo zokuqala eziluhlaza zaqala ukubonakala, ngenxa yomxholo wazo weklorofili, eyaqala inkqubo yefotosinthesisi, ejongene ikakhulu nomxholo weoksijini kumhlaba ojikeleze umhlaba. Ezi zityalo zindala kakhulu kwaye azinazo izikhongozeli zokuhambisa, ke kufuneka zibekwe kwiindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu.

Emva kwexesha kwavela izityalo zokuqala zemithambo. Ezi zityalo ziqulethe imithambo yegazi (xylem kunye nephloem) efunxa izondlo kwaye ijikeleze amanzi ngeengcambu. Emva koko, i-flora yanda kwaye yahluka ngakumbi nangakumbi. Iiferns, izityalo ezihlwayelweyo kunye nemithi yokuqala emikhulu yavela, kwaye ezo ze-Archeopteryx zonwabele igama elihle kuba yayiyeyona mithi yokuqala yokwenyani ukuvela. Ubulembu bokuqala babonakala nakwiPraozoic Era.

Oku kukwahlukahluka kwezityalo kwahlala de kwasekupheleni kwePermian, xa oko kwabizwa ngokuba "kukufa okukhulu", xa phantse zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezazihlala emhlabeni zazingasekho.

izilwanyana

Kwizilwanyana zezilwanyana, ixesha lePaleozoic likwa lixesha eliguqukayo, kuba kumacandelo amathandathu alenza eli xesha, izilwanyana ziyahluka kwaye ziyaguqula, ukusuka kwizidalwa ezincinci ziye kwizirhubuluzi ezinkulu, ziqala ukulawula imeko-bume yomhlaba.

KwiPaleozoic yokuqala, izilwanyana zokuqala eziqwalaselweyo zazibizwa ngokuba zii-trilobites, ezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo, iimollusk, kunye neengxoxo. Kukho iiponji kunye neebrachiopods. Kamva, amaqela ezilwanyana ahluka ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ii-cephalopods ezinamaqokobhe, ii-bivalves (izilwanyana ezinamaqokobhe amabini) kunye neekorale. Kwakhona, ngeli xesha, abameli bokuqala be-Echinoderm phylum.

Ngexesha le-Silurian, kwavela intlanzi yokuqala. Abameli beli qela yintlanzi yomhlathi kunye nentlanzi engenamhlathi. Ngokunjalo, kwavela iisampulu zeqela lama-myriapods.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngale ngcaciso ungafunda ngakumbi ngePaleozoic kunye neempawu zayo.


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