Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezona zinto zinqabileyo kwindalo. Sithetha ngabo neutrinos. La ngamasuntswana achazwe okokuqala kwiminyaka yoo-30 ngendlela yethiyori ngusosayensi owayejolise kwi-physics ye-quantum ebizwa ngokuba yiWolfgang Pauli. Kunzima kakhulu ukufumana amasuntswana kuba kunqabile ukuba asebenzisane nomcimbi oqhelekileyo.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu, ukubaluleka kunye nomnqweno we-neutrinos.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Kukho inkcazo yokuba kutheni kunzima ukufumana ezi zinto. Kwaye ziziqwengana ezingafane zinxibelelane nomcimbi oqhelekileyo. Ngapha koko, banobunzima obuncinci kakhulu kunye nentlawuliso yombane engathathi hlangothi, yiyo loo nto igama labo. Ziyizinxalenye ezithi unokujongana nokusabela kwenyukliya kwaye ungaphembeleli. Azichaphazeli nezinye izinto ezinje ngombane. Ekuphela kweendlela zokunxibelelana nee-neutrinos kukusebenzisa amandla omxhuzulane kunye nokuhlangana okuncinci okubuthathaka kwenyukliya. Alithandabuzeki elokuba ngamasuntswana anomdla abambe ingqalelo yoososayensi abaninzi abagxile kwi-physics ye-quantum.
Ukufumana i-neutrinos, kuya kufuneka kwenziwe iphepha elikhokelayo elinobunzima bonyaka omnye wokukhanya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba isiqingatha se-neutrinos esidlula kuso sinokungqubana ukuze sibabambe. Oososayensi bathi kunzima kangakanani ukubamba i-neutrino. Ukucacisa oku, siyabona ukuba mzuzwana ngamnye odlula ngelo xesha, izigidi ezininzi zala masuntswana zidlula kwiplanethi yethu nakuthi ngaphandle kokungqubana. Kwaye azizange zingqubane nenye, nangona ezinye zazo zisenza njalo.
Thatha i-neutrinos
I-Neutrinos inokuboniswa ngokubhenela kwi-quantum mechanics. Ngokwale migaqo, kuya kufuneka ukwakha iphepha lokukhokela elinobungakanani be (9,46 × 1012 km ukuze ibambe isiqingatha see-neutrinos ezidlula kuyo. Ngaphandle kwendlela engafumanekiyo i-neutrinos namhlanje, sinezinto ezininzi zokujonga ezinokwazi ukuzibona. Enye yezi zinto zibukwayo yaziwa njengeJapan Super-Kamiokande kwaye ingumatshini wokwenyani. Uqwalaselo lubekwe eHida, esona siqithi sikhulu kwiziqithi zaseJapan.
ISuper-Kamiokande yakhiwe ngaphakathi emgodini ngekhilomitha enye ubunzulu. Lo mboniso unemilinganiselo yeemitha ezingama-40 ukuphakama kunye neemitha ezingama-40 ububanzi. Lo mqulu uyafana nowesakhiwo esinemigangatho eli-15. Kuya kufuneka ububone ubungakanani bokujonga obufunekayo ukuyenza kwiflakisi ukuze uqonde ubunzima bokuzifumana.
Ngaphakathi kwindawo yokugcina izinto akukho nto siyifumanayo kwaye akukho nto ingaphantsi kwe-50.000, 11.000 yeetoni zamanzi ngobuhlwempu obugqithisileyo obujikelezwe ziityhubhu ezili-XNUMX. Ezi fotomultipliers luhlobo oluthile lweenzwa ezisivumela ukuba sibone i-neutrinos njengoko zidlula kwiplanethi yethu. Ayikuko ukuba ungazibona ngqo ezi neutrinos, kodwa uyayibona imitha yeCherenkov eziyivelisayo xa zidlula emanzini. Amanzi yinto eqhubayo kunye nolwelo oluthathwa njengesinyibilikisi sendalo iphela. Enkosi kwiipropathi zamanzi, siyayibona imitha ekhutshwa yi-neutrinos xa bedlula kuyo.
Iminqweno yeNutrino
Eyona nto inomdla ngayo yonke le nto intsha kukuba izazinzulu zisebenza ngaphakathi kwesi sigqeba kwaye ziye zafumanisa izinto ezininzi. Enye yezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo kukuba ngokusebenzisa amanzi amancinci nangamanzi acocekileyo, unokujonga ii-neutrinos eziphinde zabuya kumgama omkhulu. Koko kukuthi, Ezi neutrinos zinokubonwa kolu hlobo lwamanzi zivela kwi-supernova endala.
Ukungahlambuluki kongezwe emanzini ukuze ukwazi ukubona ezi neutrinos yi-gadolinium. Yinto yemichiza yeqela lomhlaba onqabileyo onefuthe lokufakwa emanzini. Esi siphumo sonyusa kakhulu ubuntununtunu bomtshini ukuze sikwazi ukubona ngokudlula kwe-neutrinos. Abaphandi abasebenza kule ndawo yokujonga izinto bongeze iitoni ezili-13 zekhompawundi eyenziwe ngamanzi acocekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ingqokelela yento iyonke kwisisombululo ngokubanzi ibe yi-0.01%. Olu xinzelelo luyimfuneko ukuze lukwazi ukukhulisa umqondiso weeutrinos ezibuthathaka kwaye ke ngoko zikwazi ukuzijonga.
Ukubaluleka
Unokucinga ukuba kutheni izazinzulu zisenza wonke lo mzamo wokufunda ngakumbi ngomdla. Kwaye, nangona singakholelwa, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo esinokusinika isixa esikhulu solwazi malunga ne-supernovae. I-supernova ziqhushumbo ezinobundlobongela ezithi zenzeke kwezi nkwenkwezi esele zingakwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo ngenxa yokonakala kwee-elektroni. Olu lwazi lubalulekile ukuze wazi ngakumbi ngobume bendalo.
IiNeutrinos zihamba ngesantya esikhulu kakhulu kufutshane nesantya sokukhanya. Siyazi ukuba akukho mzimba unobunzima onokuhamba ngesantya sokukhanya. Ke ngoko, oku kubonisa ukuba i-neutrinos inobunzima. Ndiyabulela kule nto, uthotho lweempendulo zamasuntswana anokuchazwa. Ukubaluleka kwee-neutrinos ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi kuyamangalisa. Oku kuthetha ukuba ii-neutrinos ezinobunzima azilingani kwimodeli esemgangathweni yamasuntswana ekuxoxwa ngawo kwifiziksi yethiyori. Imodeli yodidi lwefizikiki iphelelwe lixesha kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe iinguqu ezithile.Amazibuko olwazi ayanda.
Inyani yokuba i-neutrinos inobunzima icacisa izinto ezininzi. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba imodeli ye-physics ye-quantum ineeparameter eziphakathi kwe-14 ukuya kwezi-20 kwaye ayiyomodeli esebenzayo kangako kwisayensi yangoku. Njengoko ubona, i-neutrinos inokubaluleka okukhulu kwihlabathi le-quantum physics kunye nolwazi lwendalo iphela.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba zithini i-neutrinos, iimpawu zazo kunye nokubaluleka kwilizwe lenzululwazi kunye neenkwenkwezi.