Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesithandi sobulumko esingumGrike, ijiometri kunye neenkwenkwezi kwimbali. Imalunga ne Anaximander elaseMileto. Le ndoda yathatha ubukho bomgaqo-siseko kunye noqobo oluqhelekileyo kubo bonke abaphilayo kwindalo. Lo mgaqo wawubizwa ngokuba yi-arche. Ngokungafani nabanye abahlobo bakhe abachonga i-arche kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, u-Anaximander nguye owamisela njengomgaqo wokuqala owaziwa ngokuba yi-ápeiron.
Kule nqaku siza kuthetha nawe malunga ne-biography ka-Anaximander kunye nezona zinto zibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe.
UAnaximander waseMileto
Esi sithandi sobulumko nesazi ngeenkwenkwezi esingumGrike samisela njenge Umgaqo wokuqala oqhelekileyo kubo bonke abantu bendalo ye-apeiron. Sinokuliguqulela eli gama njenge- "indeterminate" okanye "elingapheliyo." Wayengumfundi kaThales waseMileto kunye nelungu lesikolo saseMileto. Kule dolophu wayehlala kuyo wayengummi okhutheleyo kwaye wakhokela uhambo oluya eApollonia, ebekwe kuLwandle oluMnyama. Usebenze njengompolitiki obambe izikhundla ezibalulekileyo kangangokuba wade wanikwa umsebenzi wokunciphisa umyinge wokuzalwa e-Apollonia. Le ngxaki inkulu ngenxa yokugqithisa kokuzalwa ngaloo maxesha kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo ukuze ukwazi ukwanelisa iimfuno zabantu bonke.
Yayenye yeekoloni ezininzi ekufuneka isombulule ingxaki yokuxinana kwabantu beedolophu zaseIonia. Ukunciphisa umyinge wokuzalwa kwakungumcimbi onzima ngelo xesha. Abemi bamkhetha ngenxa yolwazi kunye nokufaneleka kwakhe kwezopolitiko. Kungekudala, kwafunyanwa umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngexesha lokumbiwa kweMileto.
Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe uAnaximander wazinikela ekwenzeni uphando oluninzi. Olunye lolu phando yayikukuphuhlisa imephu yokuqala yeplanethi yethu. Le mephu kwakufuneka yenziwe kwezinye iimephu ezincinci kunye neendaba ezifunyenwe ngabarhwebi abangamaGrike. Yimephu engenakufezekiswa, kodwa kamva nguHecateus nalapho yayikhonza khona uHerodotus. Ukuze wenze le mephu, u-Anaximander kwafuneka acinge uMhlaba njengesilinda esingahambiyo. Le ngcamango yahamba ngokuchasene nombono ngokubanzi owawuthathela ingqalelo uMhlaba ococekileyo.
Eminye imisebenzi ikwanikezelwe kuye, njengokulungiswa kweequinoxes kunye nesolstices kunye nokubalwa kwemigangatho kunye nobukhulu beenkwenkwezi. Ukwenza isundial kukwayinxalenye yomsebenzi ka-Anaximander kunye nomhlaba wasezulwini. Lo mhlaba wasezulwini wasetyenziselwa ukubonwa kweenkwenkwezi ezithile esibhakabhakeni.
Ifilosofi yaseAnaximander
Esi sithandi sobulumko sinemibono emangalisayo malunga nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo nomntu. Ngokwentanda-bulumko yakhe, yonke into isuka kwimeko emanzi. Kule meko, Umhlaba wawuyindawo engamanzi kwaye ngexesha lenkqubo yokuzahlula ukufuma kunika abaphilayo. Ngendlela yokuba amadoda okuqala ayeneentlanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezindala njengookhokho. Kule ngcamango wayejongwa njenge-cosmologist yokuqala kunye nongaphambi kwengcamango yanamhlanje yendaleko.
U-Anaximander wayengumcinga wokuqala wamaGrike onokubhala zonke iingcinga zakhe zefilosofi. Wayenombhalo wakhe apho wayenazo zonke ezona mbonakalo zaziwayo zenkqubo yokwenene ngaphambi kuka-Aristotle. Ukusuka kumxholo wakhe obizwa ngokuba "Kwindalo" gcina isiqwenga. Nangona kunjalo, unikwe ibali lika-Aristotle ubuncinci ezinye iinxalenye zemfundiso yonke ka-Anaximander zinokubuyiselwa.
Kwifilosofi yakhe wavumelana noThales waseMileto ekuzikhuseleni ukuba mnye kuphela umgaqo osisiseko, obizwa ngokuba yi-arche, owawungumvelisi wazo zonke izinto. UAnaximander ubize lo mgaqo usisiseko ápeiron. I-apeiron ibhekisele kwixesha elingenammiselo okanye elingapheliyo. Yi le, into engapheliyo, engenamkhawulo kwaye engenasiphelo kunye naphakade. I-apeiron ayinakonakala kwaye ingenakonakala. Ukusuka kule mvelaphi, zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nendalo iphela zivela kuyo kwaye zixhomekeke ekuzalweni kokunyamalala ngenxa yamandla aphikisayo phakathi kwabo.
Ukuqala kwayo yonke into
Isixeko saseMileto
Wayenemizamo eliqela yokufumanisa umgaqo opheleleyo. Ngenxa yoku ulandela rhoqo kwimixholo yefilosofi yaseMilesian. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izithandi zobulumko ezazizama ukufumana lo mgaqo ngendlela enomda, kuba uAnaximander lo mgaqo wabonwa kwi-apeiron ayibonwa ngamava ukuba yintoni ekufuneka igcinwe njengento esisigxina kwaye egqithileyo zehlabathi elinamandla.
Yinto engenakuchazeka esibhakabhakeni nangexesha, kodwa loo mgaqo wazo zonke izinto uyonakala kwaye uchaziwe. Zininzi iinkcukacha ezishiyiweyo kwizifundo ezingumxholo wamava ethu. Ngesi sizathu, uAnaximander wayenemfundiso ekunzima ukuyicacisa.
Esikolweni, uphando kwi-arche luya kuthatha ixesha elininzi lefilosofi. Waqala ukufunda kwisikolo sika IPythagoras Waqhubeka uParmenides noHeraclitus. Le ngxaki yayisungulwa kwisikolo saseMileto yaba ngumxholo ophindaphindayo kuyo yonke intanda-bulumko yamaGrike.
UAnaximander wayengumbhali weencwadi ezi-4 xa zizonke. Eyokuqala yile esele siyibize ngegama elithi "Kwindalo". Nangona kunjalo, wabhala ezinye iincwadi ezi-3 ezibizwa ngokuba yiPerimeter yoMhlaba, kwiiNkwenkwezi eziLungisiweyo kunye neCelestial Sphere. Iincwadi zika-Anaximander mhlawumbi zazingenaso isihloko kwaye zabizwa nje ngegama emva kwesahluko sencwadi esisiseko. Yintoni eyaziwayo ngokuqinisekileyo kukuba iAnaximander wayengomnye wokuqala ukubhala incwadi yeprose. Ukubaluleka kokubhalwa kweprozi kukuba uAnaximander uqhubeke nesiko likaThales njengesithandi sobulumko kwaye uvule uhlobo olutsha lokubhala. Olu hlobo lusetyenziswe ziimbongi ezahlukeneyo kunye nootitshala kwimbali yonke.
Njengoko ubona, u-Anaximander uye waba ngumfilosofi obaluleke kakhulu kunye ne-astronomer oye waletha inkqubela phambili kwimbali. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda okungakumbi malunga neAnaximander kunye nokusebenzisa kwakhe.