Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone

intaba-mlilo yelitye eliphezulu

Enye yeentaba-mlilo ezaziwayo ehlabathini yi mlilo. Ime kwiYellowstone National Park eMelika kwaye ikwikona esemantla ntshona yeWyoming. Yintaba-mlilo eye yafumana ukuphazamiseka kathathu kule minyaka iyi-2.1 yezigidi edlulileyo kwaye eyenze ikhaldera elinganisa malunga ne-55 × 72 yeekhilomitha ezingama-30.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neempawu, i-geology kunye nokuqhuma kwe-Yellowstone volcano.

Iimpawu eziphambili

udaka lubaleka

Kukho imigangatho emininzi yemvelaphi yeYellowstone hotspot. Ezinye izazi ngokuma komhlaba zibangelwe kukudibana kweemeko zalapha kwi-lithosphere kunye nokuhanjiswa kwengubo ephezulu. Abanye babonisa ukuba yavela kwingubo enzulu (iintsiba zengubo). Le mpikiswano ifanelekile ekubonakaleni kweendawo ezishushu kwingxelo yejoloji. Ngapha koko, ukuhamba kwe-basalt yaseColombia kwavela ngaxeshanye, kukhokelela kwintelekelelo malunga nemvelaphi yayo.

Le mingxuma isendaweni eshushu. Indawo yangoku yeYellowstone iphantsi kweYellowstone Plateau. Nangona ibonakala ngathi iwela indawo ukusuka empuma ukuya empuma, i-hotspot eneneni inzulu kakhulu kunendawo kwaye ihlala ihleli.

Kule minyaka ili-18 yezigidi edlulileyo, iYellowstone hotspot ivelise uqhushululu oluqhubekayo kunye nezikhukula ze-basalt. Ubuncinci i-12 yokuqhuma kwakukukhulu kangangokuba babekwa njengodubulo olukhulu. Maxa wambi olo gqabhuko-dubulo lwalukhupha umagma olwalugcinwe ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba loo mhlaba wawugqumayo wawela kwigumbi lomnyevane omnyama, wenza loo mlilo. Uxinzelelo lobume bomlomo. Imingxunya yeentaba-mlilo ezenziwa kukuqhushumba okungaphaya zinokuba zinkulu kwaye zinzulu njengamachibi amakhulu naphakathi, kwaye zinokubangela ukuba iindawo ezinkulu zeentaba zinyamalale.

Ezona ndlela zindala kule crater zihamba macala omabini omda we Nevada-Oregon kufutshane nase McDermit. Enye yeekreyitha, iBruno-Jabici Crater emazantsi eIdaho, yasekwa kwiminyaka eyi-10-12 yezigidi eyadlulayo, kunye nokwakheka kwayo kwashiya umaleko wothuthu i-30 cm ubunzulu kumntla mpuma weNebraska.

Ukuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo zeYellowstone

mlilo

Kule minyaka ili-17 yezigidi idlulileyo, intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone ivelise iintaba-mlilo ezili-142 nangaphezulu. Ipaki yeSizwe iYellowstone ihleli kwizikwere zentaba-mlilo ezine ezidubulanayo (i-US NPS).

Amasimi eentaba-mlilo avelisa uqhushumbo olukhulu ngokungaqhelekanga abizwa ngokuba zii-supervolcanoes. Oko kuchaziwe, supervolcano Yellowstone Yintsimi ye-volcanic evelise iziqendu ezintathu zokugqibela zeYellowstone hotspot. Ikwavelise nogqabhuko-dubulo oluncinci olwenza i-West Thumb Lake kwiminyaka eyi-174.000 eyadlulayo.

Ukuhamba kwe-lava kwakutshanje kwenzeka malunga neminyaka engama-70.000 edlulileyo kwaye ukuqhuma kobundlobongela kwenzeka eNtshonalanga yeThumb Lake entshona yeJongstone malunga neminyaka eyi-150.000 edlulileyo. Kukho kwakhona ukuqhuma komphunga. Kwiminyaka eyi-13.800 eyadlulayo, uqhushumbo lomphunga lwenza ikreyitha eyi-5 yeekhilomitha eMary Bay kumda weChibi leYellowstone embindini wale crater.

Namhlanje, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo wenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi ezisasazeke kummandla wonke, kubandakanya igiza elidumileyo elithembekileyo, kunye nenkqubo yokwandiswa komhlaba ebonisa ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwegumbi le-magma. Ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kunye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wobushushu bomhlaba, ibhloko enkulu yemagma ilele ngaphantsi komphezulu wentaba-mlilo.

Imagma kweli gumbi liqulathe igesi kwaye kuphela inokuhlala inyibilikisiwe phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu lwe-magma. Ukuba uxinzelelo lukhutshwa ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile ngenxa yotshintsho oluthile lwejoloji, inxenye yeefom zegesi ezinyibilikileyo zenza iifom, zibangele ukuba imagma yande. Ukuba olu lwandiso luvelisa ukukhutshwa okukhulu koxinzelelo, kunokubangela ukuphendula okungalawulekiyo kwaye kungakhokelela kuqhushumbo lwegesi olunobundlobongela.

Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone ingozi yomlilo

igumbi lemagnethi

Phakathi kuka-2004 no-2008, kuye kwakho ukwanda kumphezulu we-Yellowstone crater phantse nge-7,6 cm ngonyaka, ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu kunoko kuye kwabonwa okoko kwaqala le milinganiselo ngo-1923. I-US, iYunivesithi yase-Utah, iNational Park Service kunye neYellowstone Volcano Observatory bathi: “Asibuboni ubungqina bokuba olunye ugqabhuko lwentlekele luya kwenzeka eYellowstone kwikamva elibonakalayo.. Amaxesha aphindaphindiweyo kwezi ziganeko aqheleki okanye aqikeleleke ”

Ngokophando olwenziwe yi-National Geographic Society, ukuqhuma okulandelayo kwe-Yellowstone kunokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke kwenye yeendawo ezintathu ezinempazamo ezihamba emantla / emantla ntshona epakini. Ezimbini kwezi ndawo zivelise ukugeleza okukhulu kwelava ngexesha lomsebenzi wokugqibela we-supervolcano, kwiminyaka eyi-174.000-70.000 eyadlulayo, kwaye indawo yesithathu yindawo enezona ziphakamileyo zokungcangcazela kule minyaka idlulileyo.

Iinyikima ezinxulumene noko

Ngenxa yendalo yentaba-mlilo kunye neetekoniciki zommandla, i-Yellowstone crater ifumana ukungcangcazela okungama-1,000 2,000 ukuya ku-XNUMX XNUMX minyaka le. Ngamaxesha athile, inani elikhulu lokungcangcazela lirekhodwa ngexesha elifutshane.

Kwisifundo sabo, abaphandi basebenzise uthungelwano lwe-seismographs ejikeleze ipaki ukwenza imephu kwigumbi le-magma. Amaza ahamba kancinci xa edlula kwizinto ezishushu, ezinyibilikileyo, ngenxa yoko unokulinganisa izinto phantsi. Njengoko iqela lesayensi laqaphela, lo mqolomba wemagma mkhulu: uphakathi kweekhilomitha ezi-2 kunye neekhilomitha ezili-15 ubunzulu, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-90 ubude kunye neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ububanzi.

Yandisa umantla mpuma wepaki kunezinye izifundo ezibonisileyo kwaye iqulethe umxube wezinto eziqinileyo kunye nodaka. Kulwazi lwethu, imephu yesi sikali ayikaze izotywe. Ngezi ziphumo, abaphandi banokuvavanya ngcono isoyikiso esibangelwa ziingxilimbela ezingazinzanga. Owona mthombo uphambili wobushushu ilele phakathi kwama-405 kunye neekhilomitha eziphantse zibe ngama-2.900 ngaphantsi komphezulu womhlaba. Inokuvela kumbindi wayo wolwelo. Izazinzulu sele ziyazi ukuba igumbi le-magma libekwe ngaphezulu kwedama kwaye litsale umlingo kulo. Ifunyanwa kwiikhilomitha ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-14 ngaphantsi komphezulu kwaye ingamafutha egiza, amachibi afuthayo kunye nezinye izinto ezinomtsalane.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nentaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone kunye neempawu zayo.


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