El umlambo mekong lelona lide kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia, lelesixhenxe kolona lide e-Asiya kunye neleshumi elinesibini ubude ehlabathini. Ngobude obupheleleyo obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-4.350, ikhula kwiPhondo laseQinghai, eTshayina, kwaye iqukuqela kuMmandla oZimeleyo weTibet kunye nePhondo laseYunnan. Ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho.
Ngoko ke, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele yonke into oyifunayo malunga noMlambo iMekong kunye neempawu zayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Mekong River Basin igubungela ngaphezu kwe-313 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. (iikhilomitha ezingama-810 zesikwere), ukusuka kwiThafa laseQinghai-Tibet ukuya kuLwandle lwaseTshayina lwaseMzantsi. Phakathi kwemilambo yaseAsiya, yiYangtze kuphela kunye neGanges ezinompompozo ophakamileyo osezantsi.
I-Mekong iwa ukusuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseYunnan, kwaye umahluko phakathi kweemeko zenyama yeendawo zayo eziphezulu kunye nezisezantsi ziyahlula zibe ziinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili.
UMlambo iMekong ongasentla uqukuqela iimayile ezili-1.215 1.955 (iikhilomitha ezili-1485 2390) kwintlambo emxinwa, malunga nekota yaloo mmandla uwonke, utyhutyha iintaba namahewu akumzantsi-ntshona weTshayina (bona inqaku elikuMlambo iKaola). Emazantsi iMekong, ngaphantsi kwendawo apho abumba umda womhlaba ophakathi kweMyanmar neLaos, ngumlambo ubude obuziikhilomitha ezingama-XNUMX. iqukuqela kwiThafa leKorat kumntla-mpuma weThailand.
Amathambeka asentshona eeNtaba ze-An Nam eLaos naseVietnam, kunye naseKhambodiya, emva koko afikelela elwandle ngokusebenzisa imijelo kumazantsi edelta yaseVietnam. Entla, iMekong iphuma kwiThafa laseQinghai-Tibet phakathi kweSalween neYangtze; umandlalo womlambo unqumla ngokunzulu kumhlaba ogqabhukileyo ohamba ngawo.
Ithe tyaba ecaleni komlambo ophakathi kweMyanmar neLaos, iMekong River Basin igubungela izikwekhilomitha ezingama-8.000 zommandla waseMyanmar, kuquka imixawuka neendawo ekungelulanga kuzo. Kumazantsi asezantsi, iMekong yenza umda phakathi kweLaos neThailand imigama emide, ungquzulwano olukhuthazayo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kweKhambodiya, iLaos, iThailand neVietnam.
Imozulu yoMlambo iMekong
Ukuqukuqela komlambo iMekong kuphuma ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuna kwemvula kumazantsi omlambo., eguquguquka ngamaxesha onyaka kunye neemonsoon. Ngo-Epreli, i-traffic idla ngokuba ngaphantsi. NgoMeyi okanye ngoJuni, xa kufika imvula emvula esemazantsi, amanzi aqalisa ukwanda, ingakumbi kwimimandla esempuma nakumantla.
Awona manqanaba aphezulu amanzi eMekong avela phezulu ngo-Agasti okanye ngoSeptemba, kwaye emazantsi kude kube ngu-Oktobha. I-monsoon esenyakatho-mpuma iqala ngoNovemba kwimimandla esemazantsi, izisa imozulu eyomileyo ngoMeyi. Ebudeni bexesha elide lembalela, irayisi ayinakulinywa ngaphandle kokunkcenkceshelwa, kwaye amanzi omlambo abalulekile kwezolimo. Amaqondo obushushu kwindawo esezantsi yeMekong afudumala ngokufanayo unyaka wonke.
I-Phnom Penh yonke imihla iphezulu i-avareji ye-89 °F (32 °C) kunye ne-avareji ye-avareji ye-74 °F (23 °C). Kummandla ongasentla wesitya, amaqondo obushushu amodareyithwa ukuya kumlinganiselo othile ngokuphakama, ngokuqhelekileyo apholile kunalawo asemazantsi, kwaye abonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwamaxesha onyaka.
Ungcoliseko lomlambo iMekong
Iingcaphephe zilumkise ngelithi ingobozi yesonka yeli lizwe, iMekong Delta, ngoku isemngciphekweni omkhulu wokunqongophala kwamanzi acocekileyo njengoko amanzi ehle ukuya kutsho kwelona qondo lisezantsi kwiminyaka eli-100. Kwi-2015, amanqanaba amanzi kwindawo yehla kakhulu ngeemitha ezili-15, ngokutsho kweVietnam Society of Geology and Hydrology.
Ngaphambili, abantu kwakufuneka bembe amaqula anzulu kangangeemitha ezili-100 ukuze bafumane amanzi amatsha. Namhlanje, nokuba ugrumba ubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-200, awuqinisekanga ukuba amanzi ayasebenziseka na kuba uninzi lwawo lungcoliswe yityuwa nemichiza. Okwangoku, ingxelo evela kwi-Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) ibonisa ukuba ukuhamba kwangoku kwi-Mekong ephezulu kuye kwanciphisa, okukhokelela ekungeneni kwamanzi etyuwa kwiinyanga ezimbini ngaphambili kunesiqhelo kwi-2016.
Ungenelelo lwamanzi etyuwa lwabikwa kwi-11 kwiphondo le-13 kunye noomasipala kwi-Mekong Delta. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iihektare ezingama-210.000 zezityalo zonakele ukusukela ekupheleni kuka-2015. Malunga nama-250.000 amakhaya kunye ne-1,3 yezigidi zabantu abaswele amanzi yonke imihla. Kusenjalo, uNjingalwazi Stefanola, ingcaphephe yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba waseJamani, ulumkise ngelithi amanzi akwiMekong Delta anokungcoliswa yiarsenic.
Ingcali, eyenze uphando lwezenzululwazi malunga nezisombululo zokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, yathi i-arsenic concentrations kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwi-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia ingaphezulu kwamanqanaba akhuselekileyo (10 mg / l) kwiindawo ezininzi.
I-Arsenic inemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabantu, wathi, ekhuthaza izazinzulu ukuba zifumane ukuxinwa kwe-arsenic emanzini aseMekong Delta ngokukhawuleza. Isilumkiso safika kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezedlulileyo kwisemina malunga nezisombululo zobugcisa zokulawula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, amandla kunye nomhlaba kwi-Mekong Delta, eququzelelwe ngabaphathi bedolophu yaseCan Tho yoMphathiswa weMfundo noPhando waseJamani.
Qoqosho
Kwiindawo ezisezantsi, ukukhuselwa kwamanzi kunye nokulawulwa kobutyebi bamanzi kunika amathuba abalulekileyo okunyusa imveliso yezoqoqosho.
Amafama asebenzisa ukujikeleziswa kwezityalo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye namafama erayisi kwiindawo eziphantsi ezinemvula banokuvelisa isityalo esinye kuphela ngonyaka phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, besebenzisa ithuba lokuna kweemvula ngexesha leemvula.
Isiqingatha somhlaba olimekayo sixhomekeke ngandlel’ ithile kwizikhukula. Noko ke, ukuwalawula kuvumela la manzi ukuba agcinwe aze asetyenziswe ngexesha lonyaka elomileyo ukuvelisa isityalo sesibini okanye sesithathu. Ukongeza, ukunkcenkceshela kudityaniswe nokhuseleko lwezikhukhula kuphucula umhlaba olimekayo ngokunciphisa ilahleko kunye nokulibaziseka okubangelwa yimpuphuma yomlambo. Ziye zaphuhliswa ukufakelwa kombane omncinci wamanzi kwiindawo ezineendawo zokugcina amanzi ezingcono kunye namathambeka asezantsi.
Uninzi lwalo msebenzi wophuhliso lwenziwa phantsi kweKomiti yeThutyana yoLungelelaniso loPhando kwi-Lower Mekong Basin (iKhomishoni yoMlambo iMekong), eyayiququzelelwe ngo-1957 yiCambodia, iLaos, iThailand kunye neNyakatho yeVietnam. Emva kowe-1975, iVietnam yathatha indawo yaseMzantsi Vietnam kwikomiti kwaye iKhambodiya ayisathabathi nxaxheba, kodwa iKhambodiya ibe lilungu kwakhona ukususela ngo-1991. Ikomiti iye yaxhasa uphando oluninzi lwangaphambi kotyalo-mali kunye nolwenzululwazi ngokubanzi kwaye yaqalisa ukwakhiwa kweeprojekthi ezininzi zamanzi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga noMlambo iMekong kunye neempawu zayo.