Njengoko sibonile kwinqaku ku amanqwanqwa angaphakathi oMhlabaKukho iindlela ezine zomhlaba: Umoya, i-biosphere, i-hydrosphere kunye ne-geosphere. Ngaphakathi kubume bomhlaba sifumana iindawo ezahlukileyo ekuyilwe ngazo iplanethi yethu. Umntu uzame ukujula ngeendlela zokuba akwazi ukufunda oko kuphantsi kweenyawo zethu. Nangona kunjalo, sikwazile ukungena iikhilomitha ezimbalwa. Yeapile, sikrazule isikhumba sayo esibhityileyo.

Ukuze sifunde wonke umhlaba ongaphakathi kufuneka sisebenzise iindlela ezingathanga ngqo. Ngale ndlela, kuye kwenzeka ukuba ufike kwiimodeli ezimbini ezichaza ukwenziwa kwamanqanaba oMhlaba ngokobunjani bezinto kunye namandla alandelayo. Kwelinye icala, sinemodeli emileyo apho umaleko woMhlaba ubunjwe: Uqweqwe, ingubo kunye nomxholo. Kwelinye icala, sinemodeli eguqukayo ekubekwa kuyo umhlaba: I-Lithosphere, i-asthenosphere, i-mesosphere kunye ne-endosphere.

Imodeli emileyo

Ukuphonononga imodeli emileyo kancinci, sifumanisa ukuba uqweqwe lomhlaba lwahlulwe laba Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi kunye nolwandlekazi. Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi lubambe izixhobo zokwakheka okungafaniyo kunye nobudala, kwaye uqweqwe lwaselwandle ngokuthe ngcembe luyafana kwaye lincinci.

Sikwanayo nengubo yasemhlabeni efanisa kakhulu ngakumbi kuyo Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga. Kwaye ekugqibeleni ingumhlaba woMhlaba, obunjwe ngentsimbi kunye ne-nickel kwaye ibonakaliswa kukuxinana okuphezulu kunye nobushushu.

Imodeli yeDynamic

Siza kugxila kwimodeli enamandla. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ngokomfuziselo onamandla wemaleko yoMhlaba zi-lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere kunye endosphere. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngakumbi nge-lithosphere.

KwiNdalo

I-lithosphere yenziwa yinto enokuba yiyo kwimodeli emileyo uqweqwe lomhlaba nengubo yangaphandle yoMhlaba. Ubume bayo buqinile kwaye bunobunzima obumalunga ne-100 km. Kuyaziwa malunga nokuba ngqongqo kwawo kubunzulu obunjalo okoko isantya samaza enyikima esonyuka rhoqo njengomsebenzi wobunzulu.

Kwi-lithosphere, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lokufikelela kumaxabiso avumela amatye anyibilike ngamanye amanqaku.

Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwe-crust equlathe i-lithosphere, sikwahlula ngokweendidi ezimbini:

• I-lithosphere yelizwekazi: Yi-lithosphere eyenziwe yi-Continental crust kunye nenxalenye yangaphandle yengubo yomhlaba. Kuwo amazwekazi, iinkqubo zeentaba, njl. Ubungakanani bumalunga ne-120 km kuphela kwaye bubudala be-geological okoko kukho amatye ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-3.800 XNUMX ubudala.
• I-lithosphere yolwandle: Yenziwe luqweqwe lwaselwandle kunye nengubo yangaphandle yomhlaba. Benza umgangatho wolwandle kwaye babhityile kunelithosphere yelizwekazi. Ubukhulu bayo yi-65 km. Yenziwe ubukhulu becala ngee-basalts kwaye kuyo kukho ii-oceanic ridges. Olu luhlu lweentaba emazantsi olwandle apho ubukhulu be-7 km kuphela.

I-lithosphere ihlala kwi-asthenosphere equlethe yonke ingubo yangaphandle yoMhlaba. I-lithosphere ihlukaniswe ngamacwecwe ahlukeneyo e-lithospheric okanye e-tectonic ahamba ngokuqhubekayo.

Ithiyori yokuhamba kwelizwekazi

Kude kube sekuqalekeni kwenkulungwane yama-1910, izinto ezinje ngomhlaba ezinje ngeentaba-mlilo, iinyikima kunye nezibaya yayiyinyani engenangcaciso. Kwakungekho ndlela yokuchaza ubume bamazwekazi, ukwakhiwa kwamanqanaba neentaba, njl. Ukususela ngo-XNUMX ngenxa geologist waseJamani UAlfred Wegener, eyayicebisa ithiyori yokukhukuliseka kwilizwekazi, yayinokunika inkcazo kwaye ikwazi ukudibanisa zonke ezi ngcinga kunye nemibono.

Ithiyori yacetyiswa ngo-1912 kwaye yamkelwa ngo-1915.

• Uvavanyo lwejoloji. Zazisekwe kunxibelelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo zejoloji kumacala omabini oLwandlekazi lweAtlantic. Oko kukuthi, indlela amazwekazi abonakala edibana ngayo njengoko ayekhe aba kunye. IPangea yayibizwa ngokuba lilizwekazi elalifudula limanyene kwaye lalilikhaya kuzo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana nezilwanyana emhlabeni.

• Ubungqina bePaleontological. Ezi mvavanyo zihlalutye ubukho bezinto eziphilayo kunye nezilwanyana ezifanayo kwiindawo zelizwekazi ezahlulwe ngoku ziilwandlekazi.

• Uvavanyo lwePaleoclimatic. Oluvavanyo luye lwafunda indawo yamatye abonisa iimeko zemozulu ezahlukileyo kwindawo ahlala kuyo ngoku.

Ekuqaleni, le ndlela yokuhamba kwilizwekazi yakhatywa luluntu lwenzululwazi kuba yayisilela ngendlela ekuchazwe ngayo ukuhamba kwamazwekazi. Ngawaphi amandla ahambisa amazwekazi? U-Wegener uzame ukucacisa oku esithi amazwekazi ahamba ngokwahluka kubuninzi kwaye amazwekazi, ngenxa yokuxinana okuncinci, atyibilika okwe khaphethi kumgangatho wegumbi. Oku kwaliwa likhulu amandla omlo ekhoyo.

Iplate tectonics ithiyori

Ithiyori yePlate Tectonics yacetyiswa kunye nayo yonke idatha ngo-1968 luluntu lwenzululwazi. Kuyo i-lithosphere ngumaleko ophezulu oqinileyo woMhlaba (uqweqwe nengubo yangaphandle) kwaye yahlulwe yangamacwecwe abizwa iiplate ezihambayo. Izipleyiti ziyatshintsha ngobukhulu kunye nokumila kwaye zinokunyamalala Amazwekazi akula macwecwe kwaye ashukunyiswa Imijelo yokuhanjiswa kwengubo yomhlaba. Imida yeplate kulapho iintshukumo zenyikima kunye neenkqubo zejoloji zenzeka khona. Umda ongezantsi weplate uyashushu. Ukudibana kwamacwecwe zezinto ezivelisa iifolokhwe, iimpazamo kunye nenyikima. Ukucacisa ukuhamba kwamacwecwe, iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zicetyisiwe. Njengoko iipleyiti zihamba, iintlobo ezintathu zoxinzelelo zinokwenzeka kwimida phakathi kwazo, ezivela kwiintlobo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zemiphetho.

• Imida eyahlukeneyo okanye imida yokwakha: Zezindawo apho kukho uxinzelelo lokuqina oluqhele ukwahlula iipleyiti. Umda wolwakhiwo yimida yolwandle. Umgangatho wolwandle uyanda phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-20 cm ngonyaka kwaye kukho ukuhamba kobushushu kwangaphakathi. Umsebenzi wenyikima wenzeka kubunzulu obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-70.
• Ukuguqula imiphetho okanye imida eyonakalisayo: Zenzeka phakathi kwamacwecwe ajongane ngokucinezelwa yimikhosi. Isitya esincinci kunye nesixineneyo sitsibilika phantsi kwelinye size singene engubeni. Babizwa ngokuba yimimandla yokuthimba. Ngenxa yoku, ii-orogens kunye neearches zesiqithi ziyenziwa. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemiphetho edibeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yamacwecwe:
  • Ungqubano phakathi kweelithosphere yelwandle kunye nelizwekazi: Itheyibhile yolwandle yeyona igqobayo phantsi kwelizwekazi. Xa oku kusenzeka, ukuyilwa komsele waselwandle kwenzeka, umsebenzi omkhulu wenyikima, umsebenzi omkhulu wobushushu kunye nokwenziwa kwamakhonkco amatsha e-orogenic.
  • Ungqubano phakathi kweelithosphere yolwandle kunye nolwandle: Xa le meko isenzeka, umsele wolwandle kunye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo phantsi kwamanzi wenziwa.
  • Ungqubano phakathi kwelizwekazi kunye nelizwekazi lelizwe: Oku kubangela ukuvalwa kolwandle olwahlukanisileyo kunye nokwenziwa koluhlu olukhulu lwe-orogenic. Ngale ndlela iiHimalaya zenziwa.

• Imida engathath'icala okanye uxinzelelo lwe-shear: Zindawo apho ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacwecwe amabini benzeka khona ngenxa yemikhosi yokucheba ngenxa yokufuduka phakathi kwabo. Ke ngoko nokuba i-lithosphere ayenziwanga okanye yatshatyalaliswa. Ukuguqula iimpazamo kunxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo lwe-shear apho iipleyiti zihamba ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye zivelise uthotho olukhulu lweenyikima.

Kukho amandla aqhubayo abangelwa bubushushu obugcinwe ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, amandla obushushu obushushu agciniweyo aguqulwa abe ngamandla oomatshini ngamaza ombindi ombane kwingubo. Ingubo inako ukuhamba ngesantya esicothayo (1 cm / ngonyaka). Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuhamba kwamazwekazi kungathandwa kakhulu ngabantu.

Amacwecwe e-Lithospheric eMhlabeni

Ipleyiti ye-Eurasia

Ummandla okwimpuma yeAtlantic Ridge. Igquma ulwandle olusempuma yeAtlantic Ridge, iYurophu kunye neninzi yeAsia kwiziqithi zaseJapan. Kwindawo yayo yolwandle inonxibelelwano olwahlukileyo kunye neplate yaseNyakatho Melika, ngelixa emazantsi ingqubana neplate yaseAfrika (ngenxa yoko, iiAlps zenziwa), nakwimpuma, kunye nePacific kunye nePhilippines. Le ndawo, ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo omkhulu, iyinxalenye yomsesane wePacific womlilo.

Iicoconuts kunye neeCaribbean Plates

La macwecwe mabini amancinci aselwandle abekwe phakathi kweNyakatho Melika kunye noMzantsi Melika.

Ipleyiti yoxolo

Isitya esikhulu saselwandle esidibanisa nabanye abasibhozo. Imida eyonakalisayo ibekwe kwimida yayo eyenza iringi yePacific yomlilo.

Indica ipleyiti

Kubandakanya iIndiya, iNew Zealand, iAustralia kunye nenxalenye yolwandle ehambelana nayo. Ukungqubana kwayo neplate ye-Eurasian kuvelise ukunyuka kweentaba zeHimalaya.

Iplate yeAntarctic

Ipleyiti enkulu eyenza imida eyahlukeneyo enxibelelana nayo.

Ipleyiti yoMzantsi Merika

Ipleyiti enkulu enesithintelo esiguqukayo kummandla wasentshona, esebenzayo kakhulu kwaye inentaba-mlilo esebenzayo.

I-Nazca plate

Yolwandle. Ukudibana kwayo neplate yaseMzantsi Melika kwavela kwiiAndes.

Ipleyiti yelayisensi yasePhilippine

Inolwandle kwaye yenye yezona zincinci zincinci.Ijikelezwe yimida eguqulweyo, enxulunyaniswa namaza okuthimba, kunye nemisele yolwandle nolwandle.

Iplate yaseNyakatho Melika

Kummandla wasentshona unxibelelana nePasifiki. Inxulumene nephutha elidumileyo laseSan Andrés (eCalifornia), isiphoso esiguqukayo esiqwalaselwa njengenxalenye yebhanti lomlilo.

Ipleyiti yaseAfrika

Ipleyiti exutyiweyo. Kumda wasentshona ukwanda kolwandle kwenzeka. Emantla yakha iMeditera kunye neeAlps ngokudibana neplati ye-Eurasian. Kuyo kuvulwa ngokuthe ngcembe umsantsa oya kwahlula iAfrika ibe ngamacandelo amabini.

Ipleyiti yesiArabhu

Ipleyiti encinci kumda osentshona apho kuvulwa khona ulwandle lwakutsha nje, uLwandle Olubomvu.