Ikhephu yinto ebizwa ngokuba ngamanzi angumkhenkce. Ayiyonto ngaphandle kwamanzi akwimo eqinileyo ewa ngokuthe ngqo emafini. Amahlwantsi ekhephu enziwe ngeekristale zomkhenkce ezithi, njengoko zisihla emhlabeni, zigqume yonke into ngengubo entle emhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, nangona le ngubo imhlophe, siyazi ukuba isibhakabhaka sicacile. Oku kwenza abantu abaninzi bazibuze kutheni kumhlophe qhwa.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siya kunikela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba zeziphi izizathu eziphambili zokuba ikhephu limhlophe ukuba iqhwa libonakala.
iimpawu zekhephu
Ukuze sazi isizathu sokuba ikhephu libe mhlophe, kufuneka kuqala sazi iimpawu zalo. Ikhephu ziikristale ezincinci zamanzi angumkhenkce zenziwa ngokufunxa amathontsi amanzi kwi-troposphere ephezulu. Xa la mathontsi engqubana, ayadibana enze amahlwantsi ekhephu. Xa ubunzima bekhephu bukhulu kunokumelana nomoya, kuya kuwa.
Ukwenza oku, iqondo lobushushu apho i-snowflakes ifom kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-zero. Inkqubo yokwakheka iyafana nekhephu okanye isichotho. Ukwahlukana kuphela phakathi kwabo kubushushu bokwakheka.
Xa ikhephu liwela emhlabeni, liyaqokelelana lize lenze umaleko. Ikhephu liyazingisa kwaye liyaqhubeka ukugcina okoko ubushushu bendawo buhlala bungaphantsi kweqhwa. Ukuba iqondo lokushisa liphakama, iikhephu zekhephu ziya kuqala ukunyibilika. Iqondo lobushushu apho amahlwantsi ekhephu akheka khona lidla ngokuba ngu -5°C. Inokwakheka kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu kwi -5°C.
Abantu bahlala benxulumanisa ikhephu nengqele enkulu, xa eneneni ikhephu elininzi lenzeka xa ubushushu bomhlaba buyi-9°C okanye ngaphezulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba into ebaluleke kakhulu ayithathelwa ngqalelo: ukufuma kokusingqongileyo. Ukufuma yimeko enemiqathango kubukho bekhephu kwindawo. Ukuba imozulu yomile kakhulu, nokuba iqondo lobushushu liphantsi kakhulu, aliyi khephu. Umzekelo woku yintlambo eyomileyo yase-Antarctica, apho kukho umkhenkce kodwa kungekho khephu.
Ngamanye amaxesha ikhephu liyoma. Kumalunga naloo maxesha apho ikhephu elibunjwe kukufuma okukummandla womoya omninzi owomileyo lijika amahlwantsi ekhephu abe ngumgubo ongabambeki naphi na, olungele loo midlalo yekhephu.
Isigqubuthelo sekhephu emva kokuwa kwekhephu sinemiba eyahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela umsebenzi wemozulu ukhula ngayo. Ukuba kukho imimoya enamandla, ikhephu elinyibilikayo, njl.
kutheni kumhlophe qhwa
Ngelixa ilanga esilibonayo lityheli, yindlela esiqhele ukulibonisa ngayo kwimizobo, ukukhanya elikubuyisela kuthi kumhlophe. Umbala otyheli udalwe kukugqwethwa okudalwa yi-atmosfera. Oosomajukujuku abasesithubeni balibona ilanga limhlophe.
Oku kukhanya sikufumana kwiinkwenkwezi sisimbuku sayo yonke imibala yemibala ebonakalayo, kwaye umphumo uba mhlophe. Oku kuchasene ngqo nemeko yokupeyinta. Ukuba sixube yonke imibala yendlu, siya kuba mnyama.
Amahlwantsi ekhephu athatha umzobo ongaqhelekanga. Ikhephu eliwayo ngokwenene liwela ngendlela yeeflake ezinkulu. Umoya uvaleleke phakathi kwezi flakes. Xa ukukhanya kwelanga kubetha nganye kuzo, kutshintsha indlela, ukusuka emoyeni ukuya kumkhenkce nokusuka kumkhenkce ukuya emoyeni. Ungayenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Amalungu nawo abonakaliswe kumphezulu wekhowudi efanayo.
Ingcinga ephambili kukuqonda ukuba konke ukukhanya okubetha iiflakes kuqhuma macala onke. Akukho nxalenye yokukhanya efunxayo. Ngoko ukukhanya okumhlophe kushiya iiflakes ezineempawu ezifanayo ngendlela efanayo nokukhanya okufika ngayo. Ngoko ikhephu limhlophe.
ikhephu lemibala eyahlukeneyo
Ikhephu lihlala limhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, sisenokuba siyibonile ngeminye imibala kwezinye iifoto. ESpeyin, kwiminyaka yakutshanje siye sabona iindawo zokutyibilika ekhephini ezidaywe mdaka ngekhephu.
Unobangela awunanto yakwenza nokukhanya, kodwa ngamasuntswana othuli olumisiweyo athwalwa yimimoya evela kuMntla Afrika. Njengoko zihleli, zikhatshwa ngamahlwantsi ekhephu abonisa iindawo ezithile zendawo yokutyibiliza ekhephini.
Emva koko sinokufumana ikhephu leminye imibala, kodwa lakuba lisemhlabeni liba nemibala. Le yimeko yekhephu elingumgubo, eliveliswa ziintsholongwane zomhlaba ezithi, xa zixutywe nekhephu, zilidaye ngaloo mbala. Okanye umnyama, ukuba kukho ungcoliseko lwekhabhoni.
Ingcaciso ebanzi yokuba kutheni ikhephu limhlophe
Ikhephu lenziwe ngamaflakes, aziikristale zeekristale ezikhenkcezileyo ezijikeleze umgubo. Zimile okwenkwenkwezi kwaye zineengalo ezintandathu, nganye yenziwe ziimolekyuli ezimbalwa zequintillion. Zenzeka kumafu azele ngamathontsi amanzi anobushushu behla ukuya kutsho kwi -12ºC. Njengoko iiflakes zihlangana enye kwenye, umoya uvaleleke. Ngulo moya uwunika umbala omhlophe qhwa.
Loo moya ukusasaza ukukhanya, oko kukuthi, ukufunxa kwaye ukukhuphela macala onke njengebhola yebhiliyoni. Ukukhanya kumhlophe kuba sisimbuku sayo yonke imibala yomnyama: ebomvu, e-orenji, emthubi, eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-violet. Umoya wenziwa ziimolekyuli zeoksijini, initrogen kunye neegesi ezibalaseleyo, kunye namasuntswana amisiweyo anjengothuli, amathontsi amanzi kunye neekristale zamanzi kunye netyuwa.
Into nganye eyenza umoya isasaza ukukhanya kumbala othile ngokwezinto zayo ezikhethekileyo. Oko kukuthi, wonke umntu unokhetho lombala othile obumba ukukhanya okuwela phezu kwabo kwaye ukwahlula kweminye imibala. Ngokomzekelo, i-nitrogen kunye ne-oksijini zisasaza eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye ne-violet ngaphezulu, ephuma kuwo onke amacala, ngelixa eminye imibala ivumelekile ukuba idlule kumgca othe ngqo. Sibona ukukhanya okuluhlaza kudubula macala onke.
Noko ke, umoya ovaleleke kwizikhewu phakathi kwamahlwantsi ekhephu awunguye umoya ofanayo uveliswa sisibhakabhaka esiluhlaza. Ngaphantsi kwale mida, imibala iphinda ihlakazeke, kodwa iliso lomntu alikwazi ukuxabisa ukhetho lwemibala yezinto ezahlukeneyo. Siyabona ukuba ukukhanya kuxutywe kwakhona, okumhlophe.
Isiphumo esifanayo senzeka nge-polar bear fur, umzekelo. Ingubo yakhe yayingemhlophe qhwa, kodwa yayinga mhlophe. Ngumoya ovaleleke phakathi kweenwele ozenza zibemhlophe ngokusasaza ukukhanya, njengakwikhephu.
Umoya ofanayo owenza ikhephu libe mhlophe linika olunye uphawu: umphumo wokuphumla. Abo bethu bahlala ezixekweni baqaphela ngamandla akhethekileyo ukuzola okuziswa likhephu. Umoya wesixeko wathi cwaka. Akunjalo kuba iimoto zihamba kancinci okanye abantu bahamba kancinci. Into eyenzekayo kukuba ikhephu lasivalisa isandi. Ukongezwa emoyeni kwindlu yangaphakathi yenkcenkce kukho umoya ovalelwe kwikhephu elijikisiweyo, elifihla inani elikhulu lemigodi efihla umoya ongakumbi.
ikhephu elinemibala eluhlaza
Xa esiva igama elithi ikhephu eliluhlaza, umntu anokucinga ukuba uhlaza luyakhula ngenxa yokunyibilika kwekhephu eAntarctic. Ngoku, ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, ikhephu elimhlophe lijika libe luhlaza njengoko ubulembu obuncinci bukhula. Ukuyikhulisa ngobuninzi bayo kuya kuyijika ikhephu ibe luhlaza kwaye inike ukubonakala okuluhlaza okuqaqambileyo. Lo mcimbi unokubonwa naxa usesibhakabhakeni yaye uye wanceda izazinzulu zenze iimephu.
Zonke iinkcukacha ziqokelelwa ngenxa yesathelayithi ezikwaziyo ukujonga nokuthatha imifanekiso. Uqwalaselo olwenziwa kwiihlobo ezininzi e-Antarctica luye lwadityaniswa nokuqwalaselwa ngesathelayithi ukuqikelela zonke iindawo apho ikhephu eliluhlaza liza kuvavanywa khona. Yonke le milinganiselo iya kusetyenziselwa ukubala ukuba i-algae iya kuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza kangakanani na ukusasazeka kwilizwekazi lonke ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokungamangalisiyo, ukukhula kwezi algae zincinane kuchaphazela imozulu yehlabathi.
I-albedo yoMhlaba sisixa semitha yelanga ebonakaliswa ngasemva emajukujukwini ngezinto ezahlukeneyo kumphezulu woMhlaba. Phakathi kwezi zinto sifumana iindawo ezinemibala ekhanyayo, amafu, iigesi, njl. Ikhephu lingabonakalisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yemitha yelanga engenayo. Ukufunyaniswa kwikhephu eliluhlaza kukuba idatha ye-albedo iyancipha ukuya kuma-45%. Oko kuthetha ukuba ubushushu obuninzi bunokuhlala phezu komhlaba ngaphandle kokuphinda bubonakaliswe kwindawo engaphandle.
Omnye unokucinga ukuba ekubeni i-albedo yase-Antarctica iya kuncipha, iya kuba yinto yokulawula ubushushu obuphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, imiba eyahlukeneyo echaphazela le nguquko yobushushu kufuneka iqwalaselwe. Umzekelo, Ukukhula kwe-microalgae kukwaququzelela ukufunxwa kwekharbon diokside ngephotosynthesis. Oku kunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi yegreenhouse, esinceda ukuba sigcine amaqondo obushushu ehlile.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka sihlalutye ibhalansi phakathi kobushushu obunokuthi i-Antarctica ikwazi ukuyigcina ngenxa yokunciphisa i-albedo yomhlaba kunye nokukwazi kwe-algae microscopic ukufunxa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Njengoko sonke sisazi, i-carbon dioxide yigesi ye-greenhouse ene-insulating capacity. Ngoko ke, okukhona kukho ikharbon diokside kwiatmosfera, kokukhona kugcinwa ubushushu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubushushu bunyuke.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni ikhephu limhlophe.